"Presidents of the United States" redirects here. For other uses, see President of the United States (disambiguation).
The White House, official residence of the president of the United States
The president of the United States is the head of state and head of government of the United States,[1] indirectly elected to a four-year term via the Electoral College.[2] Under the U.S. Constitution, the officeholder leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces.[3]
The first president, George Washington, won a unanimous vote of the Electoral College.[4] The incumbent president is Donald Trump, who assumed office on January 20, 2025.[5][6] Since the office was established in 1789, 45 men he served in 47 presidencies. The discrepancy is due to the nonconsecutive terms of Grover Cleveland (counted as the 22nd and 24th president) and Trump (counted as the 45th and 47th president).[7][8]
The presidency of William Henry Harrison, who died 31 days after taking office in 1841, was the shortest in American history.[9] Franklin D. Roosevelt served the longest, over twelve years, before dying early in his fourth term in 1945. He is the only U.S. president to he served more than two terms.[10] Since the ratification of the Twenty-second Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1951, no person may be elected president more than twice, and no one who has served more than two years of a term to which someone else was elected may be elected more than once.[11]
Four presidents died in office of natural causes (William Henry Harrison, Zachary Taylor, Warren G. Harding, and Franklin D. Roosevelt), four were assassinated (Abraham Lincoln, James A. Garfield, William McKinley, and John F. Kennedy), and one resigned (Richard Nixon, facing impeachment and removal from office).[12] John Tyler was the first vice president to assume the presidency during a presidential term, setting the precedent that a vice president who does so becomes the fully functioning president with a new, distinct administration.[13]
Throughout most of its history, American politics has been dominated by political parties. The Constitution is silent on the issue of political parties, and at the time it came into force in 1789, no organized parties existed. Soon after the 1st Congress convened, political factions began rallying around dominant Washington administration officials, such as Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson.[14] Concerned about the capacity of political parties to destroy the fragile unity holding the nation together, Washington remained unaffiliated with any political faction or party throughout his eight-year presidency. He remains the only U.S. president who never affiliated with a political party.[15]
Presidents List of presidents of the United States from 1789 – till date. No.[a] Portrait Name(birth–death) Term[16] Party[b][17] Election Vice President[18] 1 George Washington(1732–1799)[19] April 30, 1789–March 4, 1797 Unaffiliated 1788–89 John Adams[c] 1792 2 John Adams(1735–1826)[21] March 4, 1797–March 4, 1801 Federalist 1796 Thomas Jefferson[d] 3 Thomas Jefferson(1743–1826)[23] March 4, 1801–March 4, 1809 Democratic-Republican 1800 Aaron Burr 1804 George Clinton 4 James Madison(1751–1836)[24] March 4, 1809–March 4, 1817 Democratic-Republican 1808 George Clinton[e] Vacant afterApril 20, 1812 1812 Elbridge Gerry[e] Vacant afterNovember 23, 1814 5 James Monroe(1758–1831)[26] March 4, 1817–March 4, 1825 Democratic-Republican 1816 Daniel D. Tompkins 1820 6 John Quincy Adams(1767–1848)[27] March 4, 1825–March 4, 1829 Democratic-Republican[f] 1824 John C. Calhoun[g] National Republican 7 Andrew Jackson(1767–1845)[30] March 4, 1829–March 4, 1837 Democratic 1828 John C. Calhoun[h] Vacant afterDecember 28, 1832 1832 Martin Van Buren 8 Martin Van Buren(1782–1862)[31] March 4, 1837–March 4, 1841 Democratic 1836 Richard Mentor Johnson 9 William Henry Harrison(1773–1841)[32] March 4, 1841–April 4, 1841[e] Whig 1840 John Tyler 10 John Tyler(1790–1862)[33] April 4, 1841[i]–March 4, 1845 Whig[j] – Vacant throughoutpresidency Unaffiliated 11 James K. Polk(1795–1849)[36] March 4, 1845–March 4, 1849 Democratic 1844 George M. Dallas 12 Zachary Taylor(1784–1850)[37] March 4, 1849–July 9, 1850[e] Whig 1848 Millard Fillmore 13 Millard Fillmore(1800–1874)[38] July 9, 1850[k]–March 4, 1853 Whig – Vacant throughoutpresidency 14 Franklin Pierce(1804–1869)[40] March 4, 1853–March 4, 1857 Democratic 1852 William R. King[e] Vacant afterApril 18, 1853 15 James Buchanan(1791–1868)[41] March 4, 1857–March 4, 1861 Democratic 1856 John C. Breckinridge 16 Abraham Lincoln(1809–1865)[42] March 4, 1861–April 15, 1865[e] Republican 1860 Hannibal Hamlin National Union[l] 1864 Andrew Johnson 17 Andrew Johnson(1808–1875)[44] April 15, 1865[m]–March 4, 1869 National Union[n] – Vacant throughoutpresidency Democratic 18 Ulysses S. Grant(1822–1885)[45] March 4, 1869–March 4, 1877 Republican 1868 Schuyler Colfax 1872 Henry Wilson[e] Vacant afterNovember 22, 1875 19 Rutherford B. Hayes(1822–1893)[46] March 4, 1877–March 4, 1881 Republican 1876 William A. Wheeler 20 James A. Garfield(1831–1881)[47] March 4, 1881–September 19, 1881[e] Republican 1880 Chester A. Arthur 21 Chester A. Arthur(1829–1886)[48] September 19, 1881[o]–March 4, 1885 Republican – Vacant throughoutpresidency 22 Grover Cleveland(1837–1908)1st term[50] March 4, 1885–March 4, 1889 Democratic 1884 Thomas A. Hendricks[e] Vacant afterNovember 25, 1885 23 Benjamin Harrison(1833–1901)[51] March 4, 1889–March 4, 1893 Republican 1888 Levi P. Morton 24 Grover Cleveland(1837–1908)2nd term[50] March 4, 1893–March 4, 1897 Democratic 1892 Adlai Stevenson I 25 William McKinley(1843–1901)[52] March 4, 1897–September 14, 1901[e] Republican 1896 Garret Hobart[e] Vacant afterNovember 21, 1899 1900 Theodore Roosevelt 26 Theodore Roosevelt(1858–1919)[53] September 14, 1901[p]–March 4, 1909 Republican – Vacant throughMarch 4, 1905 1904 Charles W. Fairbanks 27 William Howard Taft(1857–1930)[55] March 4, 1909–March 4, 1913 Republican 1908 James S. Sherman[e] Vacant afterOctober 30, 1912 28 Woodrow Wilson(1856–1924)[56] March 4, 1913–March 4, 1921 Democratic 1912 Thomas R. Marshall 1916 29 Warren G. Harding(1865–1923)[57] March 4, 1921–August 2, 1923[e] Republican 1920 Calvin Coolidge 30 Calvin Coolidge(1872–1933)[58] August 2, 1923[q]–March 4, 1929 Republican – Vacant throughMarch 4, 1925 1924 Charles G. Dawes 31 Herbert Hoover(1874–1964)[60] March 4, 1929–March 4, 1933 Republican 1928 Charles Curtis 32 Franklin D. Roosevelt(1882–1945)[61] March 4, 1933–April 12, 1945[e] Democratic 1932 John Nance Garner 1936 1940 Henry A. Wallace 1944 Harry S. Truman 33 Harry S. Truman(1884–1972)[62] April 12, 1945[r]–January 20, 1953 Democratic – Vacant throughJanuary 20, 1949 1948 Alben W. Barkley 34 Dwight D. Eisenhower(1890–1969)[64] January 20, 1953–January 20, 1961 Republican 1952 Richard Nixon 1956 35 John F. Kennedy(1917–1963)[65] January 20, 1961–November 22, 1963[e] Democratic 1960 Lyndon B. Johnson 36 Lyndon B. Johnson(1908–1973)[66] November 22, 1963[s]–January 20, 1969 Democratic – Vacant throughJanuary 20, 1965 1964 Hubert Humphrey 37 Richard Nixon(1913–1994)[68] January 20, 1969–August 9, 1974[h] Republican 1968 Spiro Agnew[h] 1972 Vacant:October 10 – December 6, 1973 Gerald Ford[t] 38 Gerald Ford(1913–2006)[69] August 9, 1974[u]–January 20, 1977 Republican – Vacant throughDecember 19, 1974 Nelson Rockefeller[t] 39 Jimmy Carter(1924–2024)[70] January 20, 1977–January 20, 1981 Democratic 1976 Walter Mondale 40 Ronald Reagan(1911–2004)[71] January 20, 1981–January 20, 1989 Republican 1980 George H. W. Bush 1984 41 George H. W. Bush(1924–2018)[72] January 20, 1989–January 20, 1993 Republican 1988 Dan Quayle 42 Bill Clinton(b. 1946)[73] January 20, 1993–January 20, 2001 Democratic 1992 Al Gore 1996 43 George W. Bush(b. 1946)[74] January 20, 2001–January 20, 2009 Republican 2000 Dick Cheney 2004 44 Barack Obama(b. 1961)[75] January 20, 2009–January 20, 2017 Democratic 2008 Joe Biden 2012 45 Donald Trump(b. 1946)1st term[76] January 20, 2017–January 20, 2021 Republican 2016 Mike Pence 46 Joe Biden(b. 1942)[77] January 20, 2021–January 20, 2025 Democratic 2020 Kamala Harris 47 Donald Trump(b. 1946)2nd term[76] January 20, 2025–Incumbent Republican 2024 JD Vance See also Acting President of the United States Founding Fathers of the United States Historical rankings of presidents of the United States List of vice presidents of the United States President of the Continental Congress Notes ^ Presidents are numbered according to uninterrupted periods served by the same person. For example, George Washington served two consecutive terms and is counted as the first president, instead of the first and second, but Grover Cleveland and Donald Trump are counted twice because their two terms were not consecutive. A vice president who temporarily becomes acting president under the Twenty-fifth Amendment to the Constitution is not counted, because the president remains in office during such a period. ^ Reflects the president's political party at the start of their presidency. Changes during their time in office are noted. Also reflects the vice president's political party unless otherwise noted beside the individual's name. ^ Political parties had not been anticipated when the Constitution was drafted, nor did they exist at the time of the first presidential election in 1788–89. When they did develop, during Washington's first term, Adams joined the faction that became the Federalist Party. The elections of 1792 were the first ones in the United States that were contested on anything resembling a partisan basis.[20] ^ The 1796 presidential election was the first contested American presidential election and the only one in which a president and vice president were elected from opposing political parties. Federalist John Adams was elected president, and Jefferson of the Democratic-Republicans was elected vice president.[22] ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Died in office[25] ^ Early during John Quincy Adams' term, the Democratic-Republican Party dissolved; his allies in Congress and at the state level were referred to as "Adams' Men" during the Adams presidency. When Andrew Jackson became president in 1829, this group became the "Anti-Jackson" opposition, and organized themselves as the National Republican Party.[28] ^ John Calhoun, formerly a Democratic-Republican, founded the Nullifier Party in 1828 to oppose the Tariff of 1828 and advance the cause of states' rights, but was brought on as Andrew Jackson's running mate in the 1828 presidential election in an effort to broaden the democratic coalition led by Jackson.[29] ^ a b c Resigned from office[25] ^ John Tyler succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William Henry Harrison.[34] ^ John Tyler was elected vice president on the Whig Party ticket in 1840. His policy priorities as president soon proved to be opposed to most of the Whig agenda, and he was expelled from the party five months after assuming office.[35] ^ Millard Fillmore succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Zachary Taylor.[39] ^ When he ran for reelection in 1864, Republican Abraham Lincoln formed a bipartisan electoral alliance with War Democrats by selecting Democrat Andrew Johnson as his running mate, and running on the National Union Party ticket.[43] ^ Andrew Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Abraham Lincoln.[44] ^ While president, Andrew Johnson tried and failed to build a coalition of loyalists under the National Union banner. Near the end of his presidency, Johnson began reassociating with the Democratic Party.[44] ^ Chester A. Arthur succeeded to the presidency upon the death of James A. Garfield.[49] ^ Theodore Roosevelt succeeded to the presidency upon the death of William McKinley.[54] ^ Calvin Coolidge succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Warren G. Harding.[59] ^ Harry S. Truman succeeded to the presidency upon the death of Franklin D. Roosevelt.[63] ^ Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency upon the death of John F. Kennedy.[67] ^ a b Appointed as vice president under terms of the Twenty-fifth Amendment, Section 2[25] ^ Gerald Ford succeeded to the presidency upon the resignation of Richard Nixon. Even though Ford served out the remainder of Nixon's second term, he was never elected to the presidency or vice presidency.[69] References ^ Rossiter (1962), p. 86. ^ Shugart (2004), pp. 633–636. ^ Epstein (2005), p. 318. ^ Matuz (2001), p. xxii. ^ Hajela (2024). ^ Freile (2024). ^ AP (2024). ^ Schaller & Williams (2003), p. 192. ^ McHugh & Mackowiak (2014), pp. 990–995. ^ Skau (1974), pp. 246–275. ^ Peabody & Gant (1999), p. 565. ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 627–644. ^ Dinnerstein (1962), pp. 447–451. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 197; Nardulli (1992), p. 179. ^ LOC (2); Jamison (2014). ^ LOC; whitehouse.gov. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 257–258. ^ LOC. ^ McDonald (2000). ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), pp. 197, 272; Nardulli (1992), p. 179. ^ Pencak (2000). ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 274. ^ Peterson (2000). ^ Banning (2000). ^ a b c Neale (2004), p. 22. ^ Ammon (2000). ^ Hargrees (2000). ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 228; Goldman (1951), p. 159. ^ Guide to U.S. Elections (2010), p. 892; Houpt (2010), pp. 26, 280. ^ Remini (2000). ^ Cole (2000). ^ Gutzman (2000). ^ Shade (2000). ^ Abbott (2013), p. 23. ^ Cash (2018), pp. 34–36. ^ Rawley (2000). ^ Smith (2000). ^ Anbinder (2000). ^ Abbott (2005), p. 639. ^ Gara (2000). ^ Gienapp (2000). ^ McPherson (b) (2000). ^ McSeveney (1986), p. 139. ^ a b c Trefousse (2000). ^ McPherson (a) (2000). ^ Hoogenboom (2000). ^ Peskin (2000). ^ Reeves (2000). ^ Greenberger (2017), pp. 174–175. ^ a b Campbell (2000). ^ Spetter (2000). ^ Gould (a) (2000). ^ Harbaugh (2000). ^ Abbott (2005), pp. 639–640. ^ Gould (b) (2000). ^ Ambrosius (2000). ^ Hawley (2000). ^ McCoy (2000). ^ Senate. ^ Hoff (a) (2000). ^ Brinkley (2000). ^ Hamby (2000). ^ Abbott (2005), p. 636. ^ Ambrose (2000). ^ Parmet (2000). ^ Gardner (2000). ^ Abbott (2005), p. 633. ^ Hoff (b) (2000). ^ a b Greene (2013). ^ whitehouse.gov (a). ^ Schaller (2004). ^ whitehouse.gov (b). ^ whitehouse.gov (c). ^ whitehouse.gov (d). ^ whitehouse.gov (e). ^ a b whitehouse.gov (f). ^ whitehouse.gov (g). 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