闭口痘痘护肤品推荐第一名 Barcelona

City in Catalonia, Spain This article is about the city in Spain. For other uses, see Barcelona (disambiguation).

City and municipality in Catalonia, SpainBarcelonaCity and municipalitySkyline of BarcelonaSagrada FamíliaTorre GlòriesArc de TriomfEdificio Colón and La RamblaVenetian Towers and Palau NacionalLa BarcelonetaCasa Milà FlagCoat of armsNicknames: Ciutat Comtal (Catalan)Ciudad Condal (Spanish) "Comital City" or "City of Counts" Cap i Casal de Catalunya (Catalan)'Head and Hearth of Catalonia' Abbreviation(s): Barna, BCNInteractive map of BarcelonaBarcelonaLocation of BarcelonaShow map of CataloniaBarcelonaBarcelona (Spain)Show map of SpainBarcelonaBarcelona (Europe)Show map of EuropeCoordinates: 41°23′N 2°11′E / 41.383°N 2.183°E / 41.383; 2.183CountrySpainAutonomous communityCataloniaProvinceBarcelonaComarcaBarcelonèsDistricts 10 districts Ciutat VellaEixampleGràciaHorta-GuinardóLes CortsNou BarrisSant AndreuSants–MontjuïcSarrià-Sant GervasiSant Martí Government • TypeAjuntament • BodyCity Council of Barcelona • MayorJaume Collboni[1] (PSC–PSOE)Area[2] • City101.4 km2 (39.2 sq mi)Elevation (AMSL)12 m (39 ft)Highest elevation (Tibidabo)512 m (1,680 ft)Lowest elevation (Mediterranean Sea)0 m (0 ft)Population (2024)[3] • City1,686,208 • Rank2nd • Density16,630/km2 (43,070/sq mi) • Urban4,840,000[4] • Metro5,474,482[5]DemonymsBarcelonan or Barcelonian • barceloní, -ina (Cat.) • barcelonés, -esa (Sp.) Official language(s)CatalanSpanish GDP[6] • Metro€159.8 billion (2020)Postal code080xxArea code+34 (E) 93 (B)INE code08 0193City budget (2023)€3.6 billion[7]Main festivityLa MercèPatron saintEulalia of BarcelonaWebsitebarcelona.cat

Barcelona (/ˌbɑːrsəˈloʊnə/ ⓘ BAR-sə-LOH-nə; Catalan: [bəɾsəˈlonə] ⓘ; Spanish: [baɾθeˈlona] ⓘ) is a city on the northeastern coast of Spain. It is the capital and largest city of the autonomous community of Catalonia, as well as the second-most populous municipality of Spain. With a population of 1.7 million within city limits,[3] its urban area extends to numerous neighbouring municipalities within the province of Barcelona and is home to around 5.7 million people,[4] making it the fifth most populous urban area of the European Union after Paris, the Ruhr area, Madrid and Milan.[4] It is one of the largest metropolises on the Mediterranean Sea, located on the coast between the mouths of the rivers Llobregat and Besòs, bounded to the west by the Serra de Collserola mountain range.

According to tradition, Barcelona was founded by either the Phoenicians or the Carthaginians, who had trading posts along the Catalonian coast.[8] In the Middle Ages, Barcelona became the capital of the County of Barcelona. After joining with the Kingdom of Aragon to form the composite monarchy of the Crown of Aragon, Barcelona, which continued to be the capital of the Principality of Catalonia, became the most important city in the Crown of Aragon and its main economic and administrative centre, only to be overtaken by Valencia, wrested from Moorish control by the Catalans, shortly before the dynastic union between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon in 1516. Barcelona became the centre of Catalan separatism, briefly becoming part of France during the 17th century Reapers' War and again in 1812 until 1814 under Napoleon. Experiencing industrialization and several workers movements during the 19th and early 20th century, it became the capital of autonomous Catalonia in 1931 and it was the epicenter of the revolution experienced by Catalonia during the Spanish Revolution of 1936, until its capture by the fascists in 1939. After the Spanish transition to democracy in the 1970s, Barcelona once again became the capital of an autonomous Catalonia.

Barcelona has a rich cultural heritage and is today an important cultural centre and a major tourist destination. Particularly renowned are the architectural works of Antoni Gaudí and Lluís Domènech i Montaner, which he been designated UNESCO World Heritage Sites. The city is home to two of the most prestigious universities in Spain: the University of Barcelona and Pompeu Fabra University. The headquarters of the Union for the Mediterranean are located in Barcelona. The city is known for hosting the 1992 Summer Olympics as well as world-class conferences and expositions. In addition, many international sport tournaments he been played here.

Barcelona is a major cultural, economic, and financial centre in southwestern Europe,[9] as well as the main biotech hub in Spain.[10] As a leading world city, Barcelona's influence in global socio-economic affairs qualifies it for global city status (Beta +).[11]

Barcelona is a transport hub, with the Port of Barcelona being one of Europe's principal seaports and busiest European passenger port,[12] an international airport, Barcelona–El Prat Airport, which handles over 50-million passengers per year,[13] an extensive motorway network, and a high-speed rail line with a link to France and the rest of Europe.[14]

Names

The name Barcelona comes from the ancient Iberian Baŕkeno, attested in an ancient coin inscription found on the right side of the coin in Iberian script as ,[15] in Ancient Greek sources as Βαρκινών, Barkinṓn;[16][17] and in Latin as Barcino,[18] Barcilonum[19] and Barcenona.[20][21][22]

Other sources suggest that the city may he been named after the Carthaginian general Hamilcar Barca, who was supposed to he founded the city in the 3rd century BC,[8][23] but there is no evidence its name in antiquity, Barcino, was connected with the Barcid family of Hamilcar.[24] During the Middle Ages, the city was variously known as Barchinona, Barçalona, Barchelonaa, and Barchenona.

An abbreviated form sometimes used by locals for the city is Barna. Barça is only applied to the local football club FC Barcelona, not to the city. Another common abbreviation is 'BCN', which is also the IATA airport code of the Barcelona-El Prat Airport.

The city is referred to as the Ciutat Comtal in Catalan and Ciudad Condal in Spanish (i.e., "Comital City" or "City of Counts"), owing to its past as the seat of the Count of Barcelona.[25]

History Main article: History of Barcelona For a chronological guide, see Timeline of Barcelona. See also: Street names in Barcelona See also: Jews of Catalonia Legendary founding

The origin of the earliest settlement at the site of present-day Barcelona is unclear. The ruins of an early settlement he been found, including different tombs and dwellings dating to earlier than 5000 BC.[26][27] In Greek mythology, the founding of Barcelona had been attributed to the mythological Hercules.

Punic Barcelona

According to tradition, Barcelona was founded by Punic (Phoenician) settlers, who had trading posts along the Catalonian coast.[8][28][29] In particular, some historians attribute the foundation of the city directly to the historical Carthaginian general, Hamilcar Barca, father of Hannibal, who supposedly named the city Barcino after his family in the 3rd century BC,[8][30] but this theory has been questioned.[24] Iberia and Barcelona was controlled by the Carthaginian Empire and was an important location for trade due to its proximity to Punic Ibiza. Archeological evidence in the form of coins from the 3rd century BC he been found on the hills at the foot of Montjuïc with the name Bárkeno written in an ancient script in the Iberian language.[citation needed] Thus, some has argued that the Laietani, an ancient Iberian (pre-Roman) people of the Iberian peninsula, who inhabited the area occupied by the city of Barcelona around 3–2 BC after the Punic withdrawal from Iberia, called the area Bàrkeno, which means "The Place of the Plains" (Barrke = plains/terrace).[31]

Roman Barcelona See also: Roman Sepulchral way and Roman walls of BarcelonaA marble plaque in the Museu d'Història de la Ciutat de Barcelona, dated from around 110–130 AD and dedicated to the Roman colony of Barcino

In about 15 BC, the Romans redrew the town as a castrum (Roman military camp) centred on the "Mons Taber", a little hill near the Generalitat (Catalan Government) and city hall buildings. The Roman Forum, at the crossing of the Cardo Maximus and Decumanus Maximus, was approximately placed where current Plaça de Sant Jaume is. Thus, the political centre of the city, Catalonia, and its domains has remained in the same place for over 2,000 years.

Under the Romans, it was a colony with the surname of Fentia,[32] or, in full, Colonia Fentia Julia Augusta Pia Barcino[33] or Colonia Julia Augusta Fentia Paterna Barcino. Pomponius Mela[34] mentions it among the small towns of the district, probably as it was eclipsed by its neighbour Tarraco (modern Tarragona), but it may be gathered from later writers that it gradually grew in wealth and consequence, foured as it was with a beautiful situation and an excellent harbour.[35] It enjoyed immunity from imperial burdens.[36] The city minted its own coins; some from the era of Galba survive.

Important Roman vestiges are displayed in Plaça del Rei underground, as a part of the Barcelona City History Museum (MUHBA); the typically Roman grid plan is still visible today in the layout of the historical centre, the Barri Gòtic (Gothic Quarter). Some remaining fragments of the Roman walls he been incorporated into the cathedral.[37] The cathedral, Catedral Basílica Metropolitana de Barcelona, is also sometimes called La Seu, which simply means cathedral (and see, among other things) in Catalan.[38][39] It is said to he been founded in 343.

Medieval Barcelona

The city was conquered by the Visigoths in the early 5th century, becoming for a few years the capital of all Hispania. After being conquered by the Umayyads in the early 8th century, it was conquered after a siege in 801 by Charlemagne's son Louis, who made Barcelona the seat of the Carolingian "Hispanic March" (Marca Hispanica), a buffer zone ruled by the Count of Barcelona.[40]

The remaining section of the medieval walls

The Counts of Barcelona became increasingly independent and expanded their territory to include much of modern Catalonia, although in 985, Barcelona was sacked by the army of Almanzor.[41] The sack was so traumatic that most of Barcelona's population was either killed or ensled.[42] In 1137, Aragon and the County of Barcelona merged in dynastic union[43][44] by the marriage of Ramon Berenguer IV and Petronilla of Aragon, their titles finally borne by only one person when their son Alfonso II of Aragon ascended to the throne in 1162. His territories were later to be known as the Crown of Aragon, which conquered many overseas possessions and ruled the western Mediterranean Sea with outlying territories in Naples and Sicily and as far as Athens in the 13th century.

Barcelona also had a substantial Jewish community at the time, then the largest Jewish community in the Crown of Aragon. Called "the Call," for the many small streets that defined the area, it later became enclosed. Montjuïc or Montjuich, in medieval Latin and Catalan, meaning "Jewish Mountain" and the birthplace of the city, is the site of a medieval Jewish cemetery, Jews continued to live in Barcelona until the Massacre of 1391 diminished their numbers. The Spanish Inquisition forced the remaining Jews who refused to convert to Christianity to be burned at the stake, or sell their property and lee.

Barcelona was the leading sle trade centre of the Crown of Aragon up until the 15th century, when it was eclipsed by Valencia.[45] It initially fed from eastern and Balkan sle stock later drawing from a Maghribian and, ultimately, Subsaharan pool of sles.[46]

The Bank or Taula de canvi de Barcelona, often viewed as the oldest public bank in Europe, was established by the city magistrates in 1401. It originated from necessities of the state, as did the Bank of Venice (1402) and the Bank of Genoa (1407).[47]

Barcelona under the Spanish monarchy Barcelona in 1563 by Anton van den Wyngaerde

In the beginning of the early modern period, Barcelona lost political primacy, but the economy managed to achieve a balance between production capacity and imports.[48] In the context of the wider early recovery of Catalonia from the 17th-century crisis in the second half of the century, increasing maritime activity since 1675 doubled traffic in the port of Barcelona compared to figures from the beginning of the 17th century.[49] In the late 17th and early 18th century, Barcelona repeatedly endured the effects of war, including the 1691 bombing, the sieges of 1697, 1704, 1705, 1706, and the 1713 blockade and ensuing 1714 siege and assault.[50] In the 18th century, the population grew from 30,000 to about 100,000 inhabitants, as the city became one of the key mercantile centres in the Western Mediterranean, with inland influence up to Zaragoza, and to the south up to Alicante.[51] A fortress was built at Montjuïc that overlooked the harbour. Much of Barcelona was negatively affected by the Napoleonic wars, but the start of industrialization saw the fortunes of the province improve.

During the 19th century, Catalan business interests, many of them based in Barcelona, became increasingly involved in the Atlantic sle trade, taking advantage of the void left by the British abolition of the trade in 1807. Catalan immigrants in Spanish America also became heily involved in owning and running sle plantations in Cuba and Puerto Rico. Between 1817 and 1867, Catalans were involved in the transportation of 700,000 sles from West Africa to the Caribbean, which "financed much of the industrialisation of Catalonia and the 19th-century building boom in Barcelona." Although the Spanish government had abolished sle trading in 1817, it turned a blind eye to illicit sle trading. When slery was abolished in the Spanish Empire in 1886, many Catalans returned to Barcelona and invested their newfound fortunes in constructing opulent mansions in areas such as La Rambla.[52][better source needed]

Transforming the city

In the mid-1850s, Barcelona was struggling with population density as it became an industrial, port city and European capital. The city's density was at 856 people per hectare, more than double that of Paris. Mortality rates were on the rise and any outbreaks of disease would devastate the population. To solve the issue, a civil engineer named Ildefons Cerdà proposed a plan for a new district known as the Eixample. The citizens of Barcelona had begun to demolish the medieval wall surrounding and constricting the city. Cerdà thought it best to transform the land outside the walls into an area characterized by a scientific approach to urbanization. His proposal consisted of a grid of streets to unite the old city and surrounding villages. There would also be wide streets to allow people to breathe clean air, gardens in the centre of each street block, integration of rich and poor giving both groups access to the same services, and smooth-flowing traffic.

Urban quality, egalitarianism, hygiene, sunlight, and efficiency were all major keys for Cerdà's vision. Not everything he imagined would be realized within the Eixample district, but the iconic octagonal superblocks with chamfered corners for better visibility are his direct brainchild and remain immensely helpful even 170 years later. The district and its ideals were not appreciated at the time. The city council awarded the design of the extension plan to another architect. The Spanish government was the one to step in and impose Cerdà's plan, laying the groundwork for many more tensions between the Spanish and Catalan administrations. Regardless, some of the upper class citizens of Barcelona were excited by the new plan and began a race to build "the biggest, tallest, most attractive house" in the district. Their interest and money fueled the rich diversity that we now see in the district's architecture. In the end, Cerdà's ideas would he a lasting impact on Barcelona's development, earning it international recognition for its highly efficient approach to urban planning and design.[53][54]

The Spanish Civil War and the Franco period Woman training for a Republican militia by Gerda Taro, Somorrostro beach (1936) Barcelona was the capital of the Republic of Spain from November 1937 until January 1939.[55][56] During that Spanish Civil War period, both Barcelona and Madrid were still under the rule of the republic. In the image Azaña and Negrín on the city outskirts.

Shortly after the establishment of the Second Spanish Republic, in 1931, it became the capital of the autonomous region of Catalonia. During the Spanish Civil War, the city, and Catalonia in general, were resolutely Republican. Many enterprises and public services were collectivized by the CNT and UGT unions. As the power of the Republican government and the Generalitat diminished, much of the city was under the effective control of anarchist groups. The anarchists lost control of the city to their own allies, the Communists and official government troops, after the street fighting of the Barcelona May Days. The fall of the city on 26 January 1939, caused a mass exodus of civilians who fled to the French border. The resistance of Barcelona to Franco's coup d'état was to he lasting effects after the defeat of the Republican government. The autonomous institutions of Catalonia were abolished,[57] and the use of the Catalan language in public life was suppressed. Barcelona remained the second largest city in Spain, at the heart of a region which was relatively industrialized and prosperous, despite the devastation of the civil war. The result was a large-scale immigration from poorer regions of Spain (particularly Andalusia, Murcia and Galicia), which in turn led to rapid urbanization.

Late twentieth century

In 1992, Barcelona hosted the Summer Olympics. The after-effects of this are credited with driving major changes in what had, up until then, been a largely industrial city. As part of the preparation for the games, industrial buildings along the sea-front were demolished and 3 km (2 mi) of beach were created. New construction increased the road capacity of the city by 17%, the sewage handling capacity by 27% and the amount of new green areas and beaches by 78%. Between 1990 and 2004, the number of hotel rooms in the city doubled. Perhaps more importantly, the outside perception of the city was changed making, by 2012, Barcelona the 12th most popular city destination in the world and the 5th amongst European cities.[58][59][60][61][62]

Recent history Main articles: History of Barcelona and Timeline of Barcelona Supporters of Catalan independence in October 2019Protest against independence in October 2017

The death of Franco in 1975 brought on a period of democratization throughout Spain. Pressure for change was particularly strong in Barcelona, which considered that it had been punished during nearly forty years of Francoism for its support of the Republican government.[63] Massive, but peaceful, demonstrations on 11 September 1977 assembled over a million people in the streets of Barcelona to call for the restoration of Catalan autonomy. It was granted less than a month later.[64]

The development of Barcelona was promoted by two events in 1986: Spanish accession to the European Community, and particularly Barcelona's designation as host city of the 1992 Summer Olympics.[65][66] The process of urban regeneration has been rapid, and accompanied by a greatly increased international reputation of the city as a tourist destination. The increased cost of housing has led to a slight decline (−16.6%) in the population over the last two decades of the 20th century as many families move out into the suburbs. This decline has been reversed since 2001, as a new we of immigration (particularly from Latin America and from Morocco) has gathered pace.[67]

Barcelona city center

In 1987, an ETA car bombing at Hipercor killed 21 people. On 17 August 2017, a van was driven into pedestrians on La Rambla, killing 14 and injuring at least 100, one of whom later died. Other attacks took place elsewhere in Catalonia. The Prime Minister of Spain, Mariano Rajoy, called the attack in Barcelona a jihadist attack. Amaq News Agency attributed indirect responsibility for the attack to the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant (ISIL).[68][69][70] During the 2010s, Barcelona became the focus city[citation needed] for the ongoing Catalan independence movement, its consequent standoff between the regional and national government and later protests.[71]

In July 2023, Barcelona was announced as the UNESCO-UIA World Capital of Architecture for the 2024–2026 term. This means it will be the hub for discussion around global challenges including culture, heritage, urban planning and architecture. In addition to being the capital through 2026, it will also host the UIA World Congress of Architects for that year. The honour is befitting of Barcelona, as its history is peppered with architectural achievement and various iconic styles and influences. From its ancient Roman roots, to the Gothic and Modernisme movements, Barcelona has thrived through the way it ties together architecture and culture.[72]

Geography A panoramic view of Barcelona Location Barcelona as seen by the European Space Agency's Copernicus Sentinel-2 mission Map of Barcelona metropolitan area

Barcelona is located on the northeast coast of the Iberian Peninsula, facing the Mediterranean Sea, on a plain approximately 5 km (3 mi) wide limited by the mountain range of Collserola, the Llobregat river to the southwest and the Besòs river to the north.[73] This plain covers an area of 170 km2 (66 sq mi),[73] of which 101 km2 (39.0 sq mi)[74] are occupied by the city itself. It is 120 km (75 mi) south of the Pyrenees and the Catalan border with France.

Tibidabo, 512 m (1,680 ft) high, offers striking views over the city[75] and is topped by the 288.4 m (946.2 ft) Torre de Collserola, a telecommunications tower that is visible from most of the city. Barcelona is peppered with small hills, most of them urbanized, that ge their name to the neighbourhoods built upon them, such as Carmel (267 m or 876 ft), Putxet (es) (181 m or 594 ft) and Rovira (261 m or 856 ft). The escarpment of Montjuïc (173 m or 568 ft), situated to the southeast, overlooks the harbour and is topped by Montjuïc Castle, a fortress built in the 17–18th centuries to control the city as a replacement for the Ciutadella. Today, the fortress is a museum and Montjuïc is home to several sporting and cultural venues, as well as Barcelona's biggest park and gardens.

The city borders on the municipalities of Santa Coloma de Gramenet and Sant Adrià de Besòs to the north; the Mediterranean Sea to the east; El Prat de Llobregat and L'Hospitalet de Llobregat to the south; and Sant Feliu de Llobregat, Sant Just Desvern, Esplugues de Llobregat, Sant Cugat del Vallès, and Montcada i Reixac to the west. The municipality includes two small sparsely-inhabited excles to the north-west.

Climate Main article: Climate of Barcelona

According to the Köppen climate classification, Barcelona has a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), with mild winters and warm to hot summers,[76] while the rainiest seasons are autumn and spring. The rainfall pattern is characterized by a short (3 months) dry season in summer, as well as less winter rainfall than in a typical Mediterranean climate. However, both June and August are wetter than February, which is unusual for the Mediterranean climate. This subtype, labelled as "Portuguese" by the French geographer George Viers after the climate classification of Emmanuel de Martonne[77] and found in the NW Mediterranean area (e.g. Marseille), can be seen as transitional to the humid subtropical climate (Cfa) found in inland areas.

Barcelona is densely populated, thus heily influenced by the urban heat island effect. Areas outside of the urbanized districts can he as much as 2 °C of difference in temperatures throughout the year.[78] Its erage annual temperature is 21.2 °C (70.2 °F) during the day and 15.1 °C (59.2 °F) at night. The erage annual temperature of the sea is about 20 °C (68 °F). In the coldest month, January, the temperature typically ranges from 12 to 18 °C (54 to 64 °F) during the day, 6 to 12 °C (43 to 54 °F) at night and the erage sea temperature is 13 °C (55 °F).[79] In the warmest month, August, the typical temperature ranges from 27 to 31 °C (81 to 88 °F) during the day, about 23 °C (73 °F) at night and the erage sea temperature is 26 °C (79 °F).[79] Generally, the summer or "holiday" season lasts about six months, from May to October. Two months – April and November – are transitional; sometimes the temperature exceeds 20 °C (68 °F), with an erage temperature of 18–19 °C (64–66 °F) during the day and 11–13 °C (52–55 °F) at night. December, January and February are the coldest months, with erage temperatures around 15 °C (59 °F) during the day and 9 °C (48 °F) at night. Large fluctuations in temperature are rare, particularly in the summer months. Because of the proximity to the warm sea plus the urban heat island, frosts are very rare in the city of Barcelona. Snow is also very infrequent in the city of Barcelona, but light snowfalls can occur yearly in the nearby Collserola mountains, such as in the Fabra Observatory located in a nearby mountain.[80]

Barcelona erages 78 rainy days per year (≥ 1 mm), and annual erage relative humidity is 72%, ranging from 69% in July to 75% in October. Rainfall totals are highest in late summer and autumn (September–November) and lowest in early and mid-summer (June–August), with a secondary winter minimum (February–March). Sunshine duration is 2,524 hours per year, from 138 (erage 4.5 hours of sunshine a day) in December to 310 (erage 10 hours of sunshine a day) in July.[81]

Climate data for Barcelona Airport (1991-2020) at 15 km (9.3 mi) from the city centre (1924-present extremes) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 23.8(74.8) 24.5(76.1) 27.5(81.5) 26.5(79.7) 32.0(89.6) 35.0(95.0) 36.0(96.8) 37.4(99.3) 34.0(93.2) 30.4(86.7) 27.0(80.6) 27.0(80.6) 37.4(99.3) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.0(57.2) 14.5(58.1) 16.4(61.5) 18.5(65.3) 21.7(71.1) 25.5(77.9) 28.3(82.9) 28.9(84.0) 26.0(78.8) 22.3(72.1) 17.6(63.7) 14.5(58.1) 20.7(69.2) Daily mean °C (°F) 9.7(49.5) 10.2(50.4) 12.3(54.1) 14.5(58.1) 17.8(64.0) 21.7(71.1) 24.5(76.1) 25.1(77.2) 22.1(71.8) 18.3(64.9) 13.3(55.9) 10.4(50.7) 16.7(62.0) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 5.5(41.9) 5.9(42.6) 8.1(46.6) 10.4(50.7) 13.8(56.8) 17.9(64.2) 20.8(69.4) 21.3(70.3) 18.0(64.4) 14.3(57.7) 9.1(48.4) 6.2(43.2) 12.6(54.7) Record low °C (°F) −7.2(19.0) −6.6(20.1) −1.4(29.5) 0.1(32.2) 3.0(37.4) 7.8(46.0) 11.4(52.5) 9.5(49.1) 7.6(45.7) 3.8(38.8) −1.4(29.5) −8.0(17.6) −8.0(17.6) Average precipitation mm (inches) 41.3(1.63) 30.1(1.19) 41.7(1.64) 47.3(1.86) 41.9(1.65) 26.3(1.04) 27.3(1.07) 51.2(2.02) 86.1(3.39) 82.1(3.23) 45.5(1.79) 37.3(1.47) 558.1(21.98) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 4.2 3.4 4.4 5.6 4.6 3.1 2.1 4.2 6.0 6.4 4.6 3.9 52.5 Average snowy days 0 0.2 0.1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0.1 0 0.4 Average relative humidity (%) 68 67 68 68 67 65 65 66 68 72 69 69 68 Mean monthly sunshine hours 136 164 214 228 257 267 298 273 222 177 135 118 2,489 Percentage possible sunshine 46 54 57 57 57 59 65 64 60 51 46 41 55 Source: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[82][83] Climate data for Barcelona centre (1994-2020), extremes (1994-present) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high °C (°F) 22.5(72.5) 23.2(73.8) 25.8(78.4) 26.7(80.1) 30.3(86.5) 35.2(95.4) 35.9(96.6) 36.2(97.2) 30.7(87.3) 29.0(84.2) 25.9(78.6) 21.7(71.1) 36.2(97.2) Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.5(58.1) 14.4(57.9) 16.0(60.8) 17.7(63.9) 20.6(69.1) 24.3(75.7) 27.0(80.6) 27.6(81.7) 25.1(77.2) 21.9(71.4) 17.5(63.5) 14.9(58.8) 20.1(68.2) Daily mean °C (°F) 11.3(52.3) 11.3(52.3) 13.1(55.6) 15.1(59.2) 18.0(64.4) 21.9(71.4) 24.7(76.5) 25.2(77.4) 22.4(72.3) 19.1(66.4) 14.4(57.9) 11.9(53.4) 17.4(63.3) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.1(46.6) 8.2(46.8) 10.1(50.2) 12.4(54.3) 15.4(59.7) 19.4(66.9) 22.4(72.3) 22.8(73.0) 19.7(67.5) 16.2(61.2) 11.3(52.3) 8.8(47.8) 14.6(58.2) Record low °C (°F) −1.3(29.7) −0.2(31.6) 0.9(33.6) 4.3(39.7) 8.1(46.6) 12.6(54.7) 15.3(59.5) 16.0(60.8) 12.7(54.9) 6.9(44.4) 1.4(34.5) 1.1(34.0) −1.3(29.7) Average precipitation mm (inches) 33.1(1.30) 29.6(1.17) 38.0(1.50) 46.5(1.83) 31.3(1.23) 17.9(0.70) 25.2(0.99) 27.8(1.09) 65.0(2.56) 75.2(2.96) 37.6(1.48) 32.8(1.29) 460(18.1) Average precipitation days (≥ 1 mm) 3.7 3.7 4.0 5.3 4.3 2.7 1.9 3.2 5.3 5.6 4.2 3.7 47.6 Average relative humidity (%) 77.0 75.7 75.3 76.5 76.8 75.1 74.3 75.2 77.5 80.0 77.7 77.9 76.6 Average dew point °C (°F) 4.5(40.1) 5.0(41.0) 6.8(44.2) 9.2(48.6) 12.6(54.7) 16.4(61.5) 18.8(65.8) 19.1(66.4) 16.8(62.2) 14.0(57.2) 8.8(47.8) 5.6(42.1) 11.5(52.6) Mean monthly sunshine hours 150.0 172.5 237.1 258.9 305.8 323.7 334.8 299.0 233.7 189.7 148.6 137.4 2,791.2 Source 1: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología[82] Source 2: Weather.Directory[84] Climate data for Barcelona Can Bruixa – Barcelona (1987–2010) Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.8(58.6) 15.6(60.1) 17.4(63.3) 19.1(66.4) 22.5(72.5) 26.1(79.0) 28.6(83.5) 29.0(84.2) 26.0(78.8) 22.5(72.5) 17.9(64.2) 15.1(59.2) 21.2(70.2) Daily mean °C (°F) 11.8(53.2) 12.4(54.3) 14.2(57.6) 15.8(60.4) 19.3(66.7) 22.9(73.2) 25.7(78.3) 26.1(79.0) 23.0(73.4) 19.5(67.1) 14.9(58.8) 12.3(54.1) 18.2(64.8) Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.8(47.8) 9.3(48.7) 10.9(51.6) 12.5(54.5) 16.1(61.0) 19.8(67.6) 22.7(72.9) 23.1(73.6) 20.0(68.0) 16.5(61.7) 11.9(53.4) 9.5(49.1) 15.1(59.2) Average precipitation mm (inches) 43.7(1.72) 31.4(1.24) 33.0(1.30) 47.7(1.88) 47.4(1.87) 32.5(1.28) 25.1(0.99) 40.8(1.61) 81.9(3.22) 96.5(3.80) 45.1(1.78) 46.8(1.84) 571.9(22.53) Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 7.0 5.0 6.2 7.9 7.5 5.5 3.1 5.8 8.0 9.0 6.6 7.0 78.6 Average relative humidity (%) (daily erage) 69 69 69 68 68 67 66 70 74 75 71 69 70 Mean monthly sunshine hours 149 163 200 220 244 262 310 282 219 180 146 138 2,524 Source 1: Servei Meteorològic de Catalunya[85] Source 2: Agencia Estatal de Meteorología (sunshine hours)[citation needed] Demographics Province of Barcelona population pyramid in 2022Historical populationYearPop.±%1842121,815—    1857183,787+50.9%1877243,315+32.4%1887268,223+10.2%1900528,946+97.2%1910581,823+10.0%1920705,901+21.3%1930958,723+35.8%19401,077,671+12.4%19501,276,675+18.5%19601,526,550+19.6%19701,741,979+14.1%19811,752,627+0.6%19911,643,542−6.2%20011,503,884−8.5%20111,611,013+7.1%20211,627,559+1.0%Source: INE[86]

As of 2024, Barcelona has a population of 1,686,208,[87] on a land area of 101.4 km2 (39 sq mi). It is the main component of an administrative area of Greater Barcelona, with a population of 3,218,071 in an area of 636 km2 (246 sq mi) (density 5,060 inhabitants/km2). The population of the urban area was 4,840,000.[4] It is the central nucleus of the Barcelona metropolitan area, which relies on a population of 5,474,482.[5]

In 1900, Barcelona had a population of 533,000,[73] which grew steadily but slowly until 1950, when it started absorbing a high number of people from other less-industrialized parts of Spain. Barcelona's population peaked in 1979 at 1,906,998, and fell throughout the 1980s and 1990s as more people sought a higher quality of life in outlying cities in the Barcelona Metropolitan Area. After bottoming out in 2000 with 1,496,266 residents, the city's population began to rise again as younger people started to return, causing a great increase in housing prices.[88]

Languages spoken

Catalan is the "own language"[89][90] of Catalonia and Barcelona, and therefore its the main language used by the City Council, in schools and it dominates the linguistic landscape. All toponymy of Barcelona, including the stops of the metro system, are exclusively in the Catalan language. Despite this, Spanish is the most spoken language in Barcelona (according to the linguistic census held by the Government of Catalonia in 2013) and it is understood almost universally. Catalan is also very commonly spoken in the city: it is understood by 95% of the population, while 72.3% can speak it, 79% can read it, and 53% can write it.[91] Knowledge of Catalan has increased significantly in recent decades thanks to a language immersion educational system.

After Catalan and Spanish, the most spoken languages in Barcelona are those from North Africa, such as Amazigh and Arabic, followed by Bengali, Urdu, Punjabi, Mandarin Chinese, Romanian, English, Russian and Quechua, according to data collected by the University of Barcelona.[92]

Population density Aerial view of the centre and the Eixample, with the Serra de Collserola at the background

Barcelona is one of the most densely populated cities in Europe. For the year 2008 the city council calculated the population to 1,621,090 living in the 102.2 km2 sized municipality, giving the city an erage population density of 15,926 inhabitants per square kilometre with Eixample being the most populated district.[93][full citation needed]

In the case of Barcelona though, the land distribution is extremely uneven. Half of the municipality or 50.2 km2, all of it located on the municipal edge is made up of the ten least densely populated neighbourhoods containing less than 10% of the city's population, the uninhabited Zona Franca industrial area and Montjuïc forest park. Leing the remaining 90% or slightly below 1.5 million inhabitants living on the remaining 52 km2 (20 sq mi) at an erage density close to 28,500 inhabitants per square kilometre.[93][full citation needed]

Of the 73 neighbourhoods in the city, 45 had a population density above 20,000 inhabitants per square kilometre with a combined population of 1,313,424 inhabitants living on 38.6 km2 at an erage density of 33,987 inhabitants per square kilometre. The 30 most densely populated neighbourhoods accounted for 57.5% of the city population occupying only 22.7% of the municipality, or in other words, 936,406 people living at an erage density of 40,322 inhabitants per square kilometre. The city's highest density is found at and around the neighbourhood of la Sagrada Família where four of the city's most densely populated neighbourhoods are located side by side, all with a population density above 50,000 inhabitants per square kilometre.[93][full citation needed]

Age structure

In 1900, almost a third (28.9 percent) of the population were children (aged younger than 14 years). In 2017, this age group constituted only 12.7% of the population. In 2017, people aged between 15 and 24 years made up 9 percent of the population; those aged between 25 and 44 years made up 30.6 percent of the population; while those aged between 45 and 64 years formed 56.9% of all Barcelonans. In 1900, people aged 65 and older made up just 6.5 percent of the population. In 2017, this age group made up 21.5 percent of the population.[94][95]

Migration Largest groups of foreign residents in Barcelona[96] Nationality Population(January 2024) Italy 50,052 Colombia 28,551 Pakistan 24,706 China 21,876 Peru 21,090 France 18,723 Morocco 17,772 Honduras 17,715 Venezuela 17,410 Argentina 14, 287

In 2016, about 59% of the inhabitants of the city were born in Catalonia and 18.5% coming from the rest of the country. In addition to that, 22.5% of the population was born outside of Spain, a proportion which has more than doubled since 2001 and more than quintupled since 1996 when it was 8.6% and 3.9% respectively.[97]

The most important region of origin of migrants is Europe, with many coming from Italy (26,676) or France (13,506).[97] Moreover, many migrants come from Latin American nations such as Bolivia, Ecuador or Colombia. Since the 1990s, and similar to other migrants, many Latin Americans he settled in northern parts of the city.[98]

There exists a relatively large Pakistani community in Barcelona with up to twenty thousand nationals. The community consists of significantly more men than women. Many of the Pakistanis are living in Ciutat Vella. First Pakistani migrants came in the 1970s, with increasing numbers in the 1990s.[99]

Other significant migrant groups come from Asia as from China and the Philippines.[97] There is a Japanese community clustered in Bonanova, Les Tres Torres, Pedralbes, and other northern neighbourhoods, and a Japanese international school serves that community.[100]

Religion Main article: Religion in Barcelona Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor

In 2007, most of the inhabitants stated they are Roman Catholic (208 churches).[101] In a 2011 survey conducted by InfoCatólica, 49.5% of Barcelona residents of all ages identified themselves as Catholic.[102] This was the first time that more than half of respondents did not identify themselves as Catholic Christians.[102] The numbers reflect a broader trend in Spain whereby the numbers of self-identified Catholics he declined.[102] In 2019, a survey by Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas showed that 53.2% of residents in Barcelona identified themselves as Catholic (9.9% practising Catholics, 43.3% non-practising Catholics).[103]

The province has the largest Muslim community in Spain, 322,698 people in Barcelona province are of Muslim religion.[104] A considerable number of Muslims live in Barcelona due to immigration (169 locations, mostly professed by Moroccans in Spain).[101] In 2014, 322,698 out of 5.5 million people in the province of Barcelona identified themselves as Muslim,[104] which makes 5.6% of the total population.

The city also has the largest Jewish community in Spain, with an estimated 3,500 Jews living in the city.[105] There are also a number of other groups, including Evangelical (71 locations, mostly professed by Roma), Jehovah's Witnesses (21 Kingdom Halls), Buddhists (13 locations),[106] and Eastern Orthodox.[107]

Economy General information Torre Glòries and the 22@Barcelona business and innovation district

The Barcelona metropolitan area comprises over 66% of the people of Catalonia, one of the richer regions in Europe and the fourth richest region per capita in Spain, with a GDP per capita amounting to €28,400 (16% more than the EU erage). The greater Barcelona metropolitan area had a GDP amounting to $177 billion (equivalent to $34,821 in per capita terms, 44% more than the EU erage), making it the 4th most economically powerful city by gross GDP in the European Union, and 35th in the world in 2009.[108] Barcelona city had a very high GDP of €80,894 per head in 2004, according to Eurostat.[109] Furthermore, Barcelona was Europe's fourth best business city and fastest improving European city, with growth improved by 17% per year as of 2009[update].[110]

Barcelona was the 24th most "livable city" in the world in 2015 according to lifestyle magazine Monocle.[111] Similarly, according to Innovation Analysts 2thinknow, Barcelona occupies 13th place in the world on Innovation Cities™ Global Index.[112] At the same time it is according to the Global Wealth and Lifestyle Report 2020 one of the most affordable cities in the world for a luxury lifestyle.[113]

Barcelona has a long-standing mercantile tradition. Less well known is that the city industrialized early, taking off in 1833, when Catalonia's already sophisticated textile industry began to use steam power. It became the first and most important industrial city in the Mediterranean basin. Since then, manufacturing has played a large role in its history.

Borsa de Barcelona (Barcelona Stock Exchange) is the main stock exchange in the northeastern part of the Iberian Peninsula.

Barcelona was recognized as the Southern European City of the Future for 2014/15, based on its economic potential,[114] by FDi Magazine in their bi-annual rankings.[115]

Trade fair and exhibitions The World Trade Center BarcelonaThe Palau de Congressos de Barcelona

It also has several congress halls, notably Fira de Barcelona – the second largest trade fair and exhibition centre in Europe, that host a quickly growing number of national and international events each year (at present above 50). The total exhibition floor space of Fira de Barcelona venues is 405,000 m2 (41 ha), not counting Gran Via centre on the Plaza de Europa. However, the Eurozone crisis and deep cuts in business trel affected the council's positioning of the city as a convention centre.

An important business centre, the World Trade Center Barcelona, is located in Barcelona's Port Vell harbour.

The city is known for hosting well as world-class conferences and expositions, including the 1888 Exposición Universal de Barcelona, the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition (Expo 1929), the 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures and the 2004 World Urban Forum.[116]

Tourism Part of the beach promenade and the beach of La Barceloneta towards Port Olímpic Beaches of Barcelona

In 2023, Barcelona was the 9th most visited city in the world by international visitors and the fifth most visited city in Europe after Paris, Madrid, Amsterdam, and Rome, with around 9 million international arrivals.[117] Barcelona is an internationally renowned tourist destination, with numerous recreational areas, one of the best beaches in the world,[118][119] mild and warm climate, historical monuments, including eight UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 519 hotels as of March 2016[update][120] including 35 five-star hotels,[121] and developed tourist infrastructure.

Due to its large influx of tourists each year, Barcelona, like many other tourism capitals, has to deal with pickpockets, with wallets and passports being commonly stolen items. Despite its moderate pickpocket rate, Barcelona is considered one of the safest cities in terms of security and personal safety,[122] mainly because of a sophisticated policing strategy that has dropped crime by 32% in just over three years and has led it to be considered the 15th safest city in the world by Business Insider in 2016.[123]

Street art rejecting tourists

While tourism produces economic benefits, according to one report,[citation needed] the city is "overrun [by] hordes of tourists". In early 2017, over 150,000 protesters warned that tourism is destabilizing the city. Slogans included "Tourists go home", "Barcelona is not for sale" and "We will not be driven out". By then, the number of visitors had increased from 1.7 million in 1990 to 32 million in a city with a population of 1.62 million, increasing the cost of rental housing for residents and overcrowding the public places. While tourists spent an estimated €30 billion in 2017, they are viewed by some as a threat to Barcelona's identity.[124]

A May 2017 article in the British online daily The Independent included Barcelona among the "Eight Places That Hate Tourists the Most" and included a comment from Mayor Ada Colau, "We don't want the city to become a cheap souvenir shop", citing Venice as an example.[125] To moderate the problem, the city has stopped issuing licenses for new hotels and holiday apartments; it also fined AirBnb €30,000. The mayor has suggested introducing a new tourist tax and setting a limit on the number of visitors.[125] One industry insider, Justin Francis, founder of the Responsible Trel agency, stated that steps must be taken to limit the number of visitors that are causing an "overtourism crisis" in several major European cities. "Ultimately, residents must be prioritised over tourists for housing, infrastructure and access to services because they he a long-term stake in the city's success", he said.[126] "Managing tourism more responsibly can help", Francis later told a journalist, "but some destinations may just he too many tourists, and Barcelona may be a case of that".[127] In April 2024 protests against overtourism began in the city, reaching its peak in July 2024. These protests caught further attention again in July 2025, as similar protests took place in Southern Europe and included Palma, and Lisbon, organized by the Southern Europe Network Against Touristification (SET).[128] During the protests some protesters used large water guns to spray water on tourists.[129]

Manufacturing sector

Industry generates 21% of the total gross domestic product (GDP) of the region,[130] with the energy, chemical and metallurgy industries accounting for 47% of industrial production.[131] The Barcelona metropolitan area had 67% of the total number of industrial establishments in Catalonia as of 1997.[132]

Barcelona has long been an important European automobile manufacturing centre. Formerly there were automobile factories of AFA, Abadal, Actividades Industriales, Alvarez, America, Artés de Arcos, Balandrás, Baradat-Esteve, Biscúter, J. Castro, Clúa, Did, Delfín, Díaz y Grilló, Ebro trucks, Edis [ca], Elizalde, Automóviles España, Eucort, Fenix, Fábrica Hispano, Auto Academia Garriga, Fábrica Española de Automóviles Hebe, Hispano-Suiza, Huracán Motors, Talleres Hereter, Junior SL, Kapi, La Cuadra, M.A., Automóviles Matas, Motores y Motos, Nacional Custals, National Pescara, Nacional RG, Nacional Rubi, Nacional Sitjes, Automóviles Nike, Orix, Otro Ford, Patria, Pegaso, PTV, Ricart, Ricart-España, Industrias Salvador, Siata Española, Stevenson, Romagosa y Compañía, Garaje Storm, Talleres Hereter, Trimak, Automóviles Victoria, Manufacturas Mecánicas Aleu.[133][134]

Today, the headquarters and a large factory of SEAT (the largest Spanish automobile manufacturer) are in one of its suburbs. There is also a Nissan factory in the logistics and industrial area of the city.[135] The factory of Derbi, a large manufacturer of motorcycles, scooters and mopeds, also lies near the city.[136]

As in other modern cities, the manufacturing sector has long since been overtaken by the services sector, though it remains very important. The region's leading industries are textiles, chemical, pharmaceutical, motor, electronic, printing, logistics, publishing, in telecommunications industry and culture the notable Mobile World Congress, and information technology services.

Fashion The Brandery fashion show of 2011 Main article: Fashion in Barcelona

The traditional importance of textiles is reflected in Barcelona's drive to become a major fashion centre. There he been many attempts to launch Barcelona as a fashion capital, notably Gaudi Home.[citation needed]

Beginning in the summer of 2000, the city hosted the Bread & Butter urban fashion fair until 2009, when its organizers announced that it would be returning to Berlin. This was a hard blow for the city as the fair brought €100 m to the city in just three days.[137][138]

From 2009, The Brandery, an urban fashion show, was held in Barcelona twice a year until 2012. According to the Global Language Monitor's annual ranking of the world's top fifty fashion capitals Barcelona was named as the seventh most important fashion capital of the world right after Milan and before Berlin in 2015.[139]

Technology

Several technology companies he offices in Barcelona, most of them in the El Poblenou neighborhood. Examples of technology companies based in Barcelona: Factorial (software company), Glovo, TrelPerk, Wallapop, EDreams.

Technology companies not based in Barcelona but hing an office in the city include Oracle Corporation, Amazon (company), King (company), Dynatrace, Clarivate, Ocado, Sage Group, Smallpdf, Proton Mail, Hewlett-Packard, Personio, Semrush.

Barcelona was ranked as the number 1 startup hub in Southern Europe, and as the 33rd best city in the Global Started Ecosystem published by Startupblink.[140]

The Barcelona Supercomputing Center is located in Barcelona and hosts the MareNostrum supercomputer.

Government and administrative divisions See also: Municipal elections in Barcelona and List of mayors of Barcelona Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya

As the capital of the autonomous community of Catalonia, Barcelona is the seat of the Catalan government, known as the Generalitat de Catalunya; of particular note are the executive branch, the parliament, and the High Court of Justice of Catalonia. The city is also the capital of the Province of Barcelona and the Barcelonès comarca (district).

Barcelona is governed by a city council formed by 41 city councillors, elected for a four-year term by universal suffrage. As one of the two biggest cities in Spain, Barcelona is subject to a special law articulated through the Carta Municipal (Municipal Law). A first version of this law was passed in 1960 and amended later, but the current version was approved in March 2006.[141] According to this law, Barcelona's city council is organized in two levels: a political one, with elected city councillors, and one executive, which administers the programs and executes the decisions taken on the political level.[142] This law also gives the local government a special relationship with the central government and it also gives the mayor wider prerogatives by the means of municipal executive commissions.[143] It expands the powers of the city council in areas like telecommunications, city traffic, road safety and public safety. It also gives a special economic regime to the city's treasury and it gives the council a veto in matters that will be decided by the central government, but that will need a fourable report from the council.[141]

The City Hall of Barcelona

The Comissió de Govern (Government Commission) is the executive branch, formed by 24 councillors, led by the Mayor, with 5 lieutenant-mayors and 17 city councillors, each in charge of an area of government, and 5 non-elected councillors.[144] The plenary, formed by the 41 city councillors, has advisory, planning, regulatory, and fiscal executive functions.[145] The six Commissions del Consell Municipal (City council commissions) he executive and controlling functions in the field of their jurisdiction. They are composed by a number of councillors proportional to the number of councillors each political party has in the plenary.[146] The city council has jurisdiction in the fields of city planning, transportation, municipal taxes, public highways security through the Guàrdia Urbana (the municipal police), city maintenance, gardens, parks and environment, facilities (like schools, nurseries, sports centres, libraries, and so on), culture, sports, youth and social welfare. Some of these competencies are not exclusive, but shared with the Generalitat de Catalunya or the central Spanish government. In some fields with shared responsibility (such as public health, education or social services), there is a shared Agency or Consortium between the city and the Generalitat to plan and manage services.[147]

The Saló de Cent, in the City Hall of Barcelona

The executive branch is led by a Chief Municipal Executive Officer which answers to the Mayor. It is made up of departments which are legally part of the city council and by separate legal entities of two types: autonomous public departments and public enterprises.[148]

The seat of the city council is on the Plaça de Sant Jaume, opposite the seat of Generalitat de Catalunya. Since the coming of the Spanish democracy, Barcelona had been governed by the PSC, first with an absolute majority and later in coalition with ERC and ICV. After the May 2007 election, the ERC did not renew the coalition agreement and the PSC governed in a minority coalition with ICV as the junior partner.

After 32 years, on 22 May 2011, CiU gained a plurality of seats at the municipal election, gaining 15 seats to the PSC's 11. The PP hold 8 seats, ICV 5 and ERC 2.

Districts Districts of Barcelona Main article: Districts of Barcelona See also: Street names in Barcelona

Since 1987, the city has been divided into 10 administrative districts (districtes in Catalan, distritos in Spanish):

Ciutat Vella Eixample Sants-Montjuïc Les Corts Sarrià-Sant Gervasi Gràcia Horta-Guinardó Nou Barris Sant Andreu Sant Martí

The districts are based mostly on historical divisions, and several are former towns annexed by the city of Barcelona in the 18th and 19th centuries that still maintain their own distinct character. Each district has its own council led by a city councillor. The composition of each district council depends on the number of votes each political party had in that district, so a district can be led by a councillor from a different party than the executive council.

Education Main article: Education in Spain Main hall of the University of Barcelona Roger de Llúria building at Campus de la Ciutadella, Pompeu Fabra University

Barcelona has a well-developed higher education system of public universities. Most prominent among these are the University of Barcelona (established in 1450) and the more modern Pompeu Fabra University.[149][150] Barcelona is also home to the Polytechnic University of Catalonia, and in the private sector the EADA Business School (founded in 1957), which became the first Barcelona institution to run manager training programmes for the business community. IESE Business School, as well as the largest private educational institution, the Ramon Llull University, which encompasses schools and institutes such as the ESADE Business School. The Autonomous University of Barcelona, another public university, is located in Bellaterra, a town in the Metropolitan Area. Toulouse Business School and the Open University of Catalonia (a private Internet-centred open university) are also based in Barcelona.

The city has a network of public schools, from nurseries to high schools, under the responsibility of a consortium led by city council (though the curriculum is the responsibility of the Generalitat de Catalunya). There are also many private schools, some of them Roman Catholic. Most such schools receive a public subsidy on a per-student basis, are subject to inspection by the public authorities, and are required to follow the same curricular guidelines as public schools, though they charge tuition. Known as escoles concertades, they are distinct from schools whose funding is entirely private (escoles privades).

The language of instruction at public schools and escoles concertades is Catalan, as stipulated by the 2009 Catalan Education Act. Spanish may be used as a language of instruction by teachers of Spanish literature or language, and foreign languages by teachers of those languages. An experimental partial immersion programme adopted by some schools allows for the teaching of a foreign language (English, generally) across the curriculum, though this is limited to a maximum of 30% of the school day. No public school or escola concertada in Barcelona may offer 50% or full immersion programmes in a foreign language, nor does any public school or escola concertada offer International Baccalaureate programmes.

Culture Main article: Culture of Barcelona

Barcelona's cultural roots go back 2000 years. Since the arrival of democracy, the Catalan language (very much repressed during the dictatorship of Franco) has been promoted, both by recovering works from the past and by stimulating the creation of new works. Barcelona is designated as a world-class city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network.[151] It has also been part of the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a City of Literature since 2015.[152]

Entertainment and performing arts Main article: List of theatres and concert halls in Barcelona The Liceu opera house

Barcelona has many venues for live music and theatre, including the world-renowned Gran Teatre del Liceu opera house, the Teatre Nacional de Catalunya, the Teatre Lliure and the Palau de la Música Catalana concert hall. Barcelona also is home to the Barcelona Symphony and Catalonia National Orchestra (Orquestra Simfònica de Barcelona i Nacional de Catalunya, usually known as OBC), the largest symphonic orchestra in Catalonia. In 1999, the OBC inaugurated its new venue in the brand-new Auditorium (L'Auditori). It performs around 75 concerts per season and its current director is Eiji Oue.[153] It is home to the Barcelona Guitar Orchestra, directed by Sergi Vicente. The major thoroughfare of La Rambla is home to mime artists and street performers. Yearly, two major pop music festivals take place in the city, the Sónar Festival and the Primera Sound Festival. The city also has a thriving alternative music scene, with groups such as The Pinker Tones receiving international attention.[154] Barcelona is an international hub of highly active and diverse nightlife with bars, dance bars and nightclubs staying open well past midnight.[155]

Media

El Periódico de Catalunya, La Vanguardia and Ara are Barcelona's three major daily newspapers (the first two with Catalan and Spanish editions, Ara only in Catalan) while Sport and El Mundo Deportivo (both in Spanish) are the city's two major sports daily newspapers, published by the same companies. The city is also served by a number of smaller publications such as Ara and El Punt Avui (in Catalan), by nationwide newspapers with special Barcelona editions such as El País (in Spanish, with an online version in Catalan) and El Mundo (in Spanish), and by several free newspapers like 20 minutos and Què (all bilingual).

Barcelona's oldest and main online newspaper VilaWeb is also the oldest one in Europe[citation needed] (with Catalan and English editions).

Several major FM stations include Catalunya Ràdio, RAC 1, RAC 105 and Cadena SER. Barcelona also has a local TV station, Betevé, owned by city council. The headquarters of Televisió de Catalunya, Catalonia's public network, are located in Sant Joan Despí, in Barcelona's metropolitan area.

Sports Main article: Sport in Barcelona Estadi Olímpic de Montjuïc (Barcelona Olympic Stadium) built for the 1936 Summer Olympics named People's Olympiad, main stadium of 1992 Summer Olympics The Camp Nou, the largest stadium in Europe

Barcelona has a long sporting tradition and hosted the highly successful 1992 Summer Olympics as well as several matches during the 1982 FIFA World Cup (at the two stadiums). It has hosted about 30 sports events of international significance.[citation needed] FC Barcelona is a sports club best known worldwide for its football team, one of the largest and the wealthiest in the world.[156] It has 74 national trophies (while finishing 46 times as runners-up) and 17 continental prizes (with being runners-up 11 times), including five UEFA Champions League trophies out of eight finals and three FIFA Club World Cup wins out of four finals. The club won six trophies in a calendar year in 2009, becoming one of only 2 male football teams in the world to win the coveted sextuple, apart from FC Bayern Munich in 2020. FC Barcelona also has professional teams in other sports like FC Barcelona Regal (basketball), FC Barcelona Handbol (handball), FC Barcelona Hoquei (roller hockey), FC Barcelona Ice Hockey (ice hockey), FC Barcelona Futsal (futsal) and FC Barcelona Rugby (rugby union), all at one point winners of the highest national or European competitions. The club's museum is the second most visited in Catalonia. The matches against cross-town rivals RCD Espanyol are of particular interest, but there are other Barcelonan football clubs in lower categories, like CE Europa and UE Sant Andreu. FC Barcelona's basketball team has a noted rivalry in the Liga ACB with nearby Joventut Badalona.

Palau Sant Jordi (St. George's sporting arena) and Montjuïc Communications Tower

Barcelona has three UEFA elite stadiums: FC Barcelona's Camp Nou, the largest stadium in Europe with a capacity of 99,354; the publicly owned Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys, with a capacity of 55,926; used for the 1992 Olympics; and Estadi Cornellà-El Prat, with a capacity of 40,500. Furthermore, the city has several smaller stadiums such as Mini Estadi (also owned by FC Barcelona) with a capacity of 15,000, Camp Municipal Narcís Sala with a capacity of 6,563 and Nou Sardenya with a capacity of 7,000. The city has a further three multifunctional venues for sports and concerts: the Palau Sant Jordi with a capacity of 12,000 to 24,000 (depending on use), the Palau Blaugrana with a capacity of 7,500, and the Palau dels Esports de Barcelona with a capacity of 3,500.

Barcelona was the host city for the 2013 World Aquatics Championships, which were held at the Palau San Jordi.[157]

Circuit de Catalunya/Circuit de Barcelona, race track of Formula 1 and MotoGP on the suburb of Barcelona

Several road running competitions are organized year-round in Barcelona: the Barcelona Marathon every March with over 10,000 participants in 2010, the Cursa de Bombers in April, the Cursa de El Corte Inglés in May (with about 60,000 participants each year), the Cursa de la Mercè, the Cursa Jean Bouin, the Milla Sagrada Família and the San Silvestre. There is also the Ultratrail Collserola which passes 85 km (53 mi) through the Collserola forest. The Open Seat Godó, a 50-year-old ATP World Tour 500 Series tennis tournament, is held annually in the facilities of the Real Club de Tenis Barcelona. Each year on Christmas Day, a 200-meter swimming race across the Old Port of Barcelona takes place.[158] Near Barcelona, in Montmeló, the 107,000 capacity Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya racetrack hosts the Formula One Spanish Grand Prix, the Catalan motorcycle Grand Prix, the Spanish GT Championship and races in the GP2 Series. Skateboarding and cycling are also very popular in Barcelona; in and around the city there are dozens of kilometers of bicycle paths.[citation needed]

Squatter movement

Barcelona is also home to numerous social centres and illegal squats that effectively form a shadow society mainly made up of the unemployed, immigrants, dropouts, anarchists, anti-authoritarians and autonomists.[159] Peter Gelderloos estimates that there around 200 squatted buildings and 40 social centres across the city with thousands of inhabitants, making it one of the largest squatter movements in the world. He notes that they pirate electricity, internet and water allowing them to live on less than one euro a day. He argues that these squats embrace an anarcho-communist and anti-work philosophy, often freely fixing up new houses, cleaning, patching roofs, installing windows, toilets, showers, lights and kitchens. In the wake of austerity, the squats he provided a number of social services to the surrounding residents, including bicycle repair workshops, carpentry workshops, self-defense classes, free libraries, community gardens, free meals, computer labs, language classes, theatre groups, free medical care and legal support services.[160] The squats help elderly residents oid eviction and organize various protests throughout Barcelona. Notable squats include Can Vies and Can Masdeu.[citation needed]

Transport Main article: Transport in Barcelona Airports Barcelona–El Prat Airport as seen from the air

Barcelona is served by Barcelona-El Prat Airport, about 17 km (11 mi) south-west of the centre of Barcelona. It is the second-largest airport in Spain, and the largest on the Mediterranean coast, which handled more than 50.17 million passengers in 2018, showing an annual upward trend.[161] It is a main hub for Vueling Airlines and Ryanair, and also a focus for Iberia and Air Europa. The airport mainly serves domestic and European destinations, although some airlines offer destinations in Latin America, Asia and the United States. The airport is connected to the city by highway, metro (Airport T1 and Airport T2 stations), commuter train (Barcelona Airport railway station) and scheduled bus service. A new terminal (T1) has been built, and entered service on 17 June 2009.

Some low-cost airlines, also use Girona-Costa Bra Airport, about 90 km (56 mi) to the north, Reus Airport, 77 km (48 mi) to the south, or Lleida-Alguaire Airport, about 150 km (93 mi) to the west, of the city. Sabadell Airport is a smaller airport in the nearby town of Sabadell, devoted to pilot training, aerotaxi and private flights.

Seaport The Port of Barcelona

The Port of Barcelona has a 2000-year-old history and a great contemporary commercial importance. It is Europe's ninth largest container port, with a trade volume of 1.72 million TEU's in 2013.[162] The port is managed by the Port Authority of Barcelona. Its 10 km2 (4 sq mi) are divided into three zones: Port Vell (the old port), the commercial port and the logistics port (Barcelona Free Port). The port is undergoing an enlargement that will double its size thanks to diverting the mouth of the Llobregat river 2 km (1 mi) to the south.[163]

Port Vell in winter

The Barcelona harbour is the leading European cruiser port and a very important Mediterranean turnaround base.[164] In 2013, 3.6 million pleasure cruise passengers used the Port of Barcelona.[162]

The Port Vell area also houses the Maremagnum (a commercial mall), a multiplex cinema, the IMAX Port Vell and one of Europe's largest aquariums – Aquarium Barcelona, containing 8,000 fish and 11 sharks contained in 22 basins filled with 4 million litres of sea water. The Maremagnum, being situated within the confines of the port, is the only commercial mall in the city that can open on Sundays and public holidays.

National and international rail The main railway station Estació de Sants

Barcelona is a major hub for the Spanish rail network. The city's main Inter-city rail station is Barcelona Sants railway station, whilst Estació de França terminus serves a secondary role handling suburban, regional and medium distance services. Freight services operate to local industries and to the Port of Barcelona.

RENFE's E high-speed rail system, which is designed for speeds of 310 km/h (193 mph), was extended from Madrid to Barcelona in 2008 in the form of the Madrid–Barcelona high-speed rail line. A shared RENFE-SNCF high-speed rail connecting Barcelona and France (Paris, Marseille and Toulouse, through Perpignan–Barcelona high-speed rail line) was launched in 2013. Both these lines serve Barcelona Sants terminal station.[165][166]

Metro and regional rail Barcelona Metro

Barcelona is served by an extensive local public transport network that includes a metro system, a bus network, a regional railway system, trams, funiculars, rack railways, a Gondola lift and aerial cable cars. These networks and lines are run by a number of different operators but they are integrated into a coordinated fare system, administered by the Autoritat del Transport Metropolità (ATM). The system is divided into fare zones (1 to 6) and various Integrated Trel Cards are ailable.[167]

The Barcelona Metro network comprises twelve lines, identified by an "L" followed by the line number as well as by individual colours. The Metro largely runs underground; eight Metro lines are operated on dedicated track by the Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), whilst four lines are operated by the Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat de Catalunya (FGC) and some of them share tracks with RENFE commuter lines.

In addition to the city Metro, several regional rail lines operated by RENFE's Rodalies de Catalunya run across the city, providing connections to outlying towns in the surrounding region.

Tram Barcelona Tram

The city's two modern tram systems, Trambaix and Trambesòs, are operated by TRAMMET.[168] A heritage tram line, the Tramvia Blau, also operates between the metro Line 7 and the Funicular del Tibidabo.[169]

Funicular and cable car

Barcelona's metro and rail system is supplemented by several aerial cable cars, funiculars and rack railways that provide connections to mountain-top stations. FGC operates the Funicular de Tibidabo up the hill of Tibidabo and the Funicular de Vallvidrera (FGC), while TMB runs the Funicular de Montjuïc up Montjuïc. The city has two aerial cable cars: the Montjuïc Cable Car, which serves Montjuïc castle, and the Port Vell Aerial Tramway that runs via Torre Jaume I and Torre Sant Sebastià over the port.

Bus

Buses in Barcelona are a major form of public transport, with extensive local, interurban and night bus networks. Most local services are operated by the TMB, although some other services are operated by a number of private companies, albeit still within the ATM fare structure. There are 21 night lines, 19 of them go through Plaça de Catalunya, where you can change to other lines. The frequency is 15/20 minutes between 22:20 and 06:00. A separate private bus line, known as Aerobús, links the airport with the city centre, with its own fare structure.

The Estació del Nord (Northern Station), a former railway station which was renovated for the 1992 Olympic Games, now serves as the terminus for long-distance and regional bus services.

Taxi Two typical Barcelona taxis

Barcelona has a metered taxi fleet governed by the Institut Metropolità del Taxi (Metropolitan Taxi Institute), composed of more than 10,000 cars. Most of the licences are in the hands of self-employed drivers. With their black and yellow livery, Barcelona's taxis are easily spotted, and can be caught from one of many taxi ranks, hailed on street, called by telephone or via app.[170][171]

On 22 March 2007,[172] Barcelona's City Council started the Bicing service, a bicycle service understood as a public transport. Once the user has their user card, they can take a bicycle from any of the more than 400 stations spread around the city and use it anywhere the urban area of the city, and then lee it at another station.[173] The service has been a success, with 50,000 subscribed users in three months.[174]

Roads and highways B-20 motorway in Barcelona

Barcelona lies on three international routes, including European route E15 that follows the Mediterranean coast, European route E90 to Madrid and Lisbon, and European route E09 to Paris. It is also served by a comprehensive network of motorways and highways throughout the metropolitan area, including A-2, A-7/AP-7, C-16, C-17, C-31, C-32, C-33, C-60.

The city is circled by three half ring roads or bypasses, Ronda de Dalt (B-20) (on the mountain side), Ronda del Litoral (B-10) (along the coast) and Ronda del Mig (separated into two parts: Tressera de Dalt in the north and the Gran Via de Carles III), two partially covered[175] fast highways with several exits that bypass the city.

The city's main arteries include Diagonal Avenue, which crosses it diagonally, Meridiana Avenue which leads to Glòries and connects with Diagonal Avenue and Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes, which crosses the city from east to west, passing through its centre. The famous boulevard of La Rambla, whilst no longer an important vehicular route, remains an important pedestrian route.

Main sights Sagrada Família church, designed by Gaudí Palau de la Música Catalana

The Barri Gòtic (Catalan for "Gothic Quarter") is the centre of the old city of Barcelona. Many of the buildings date from medieval times, some from as far back as the Roman settlement of Barcelona. Catalan modernista architecture (related to the movement known as Art Nouveau in the rest of Europe) developed between 1885 and 1950 and left an important legacy in Barcelona. Several of these buildings are World Heritage Sites. Especially remarkable is the work of architect Antoni Gaudí, which can be seen throughout the city. His best-known work is the immense but still unfinished church of the Sagrada Família, which has been under construction since 1882 and is still financed by private donations. As of 2015[update], completion is planned for 2026.[176]

Barcelona was also home to Mies van der Rohe's Barcelona Pilion. Designed in 1929 for the International Exposition for Germany, it was an iconic building that came to symbolize modern architecture as the embodiment of van der Rohe's aphorisms "less is more" and "God is in the details".[177] The Barcelona pilion was intended as a temporary structure and was torn down in 1930 less than a year after it was constructed. A modern re-creation by Spanish architects now stands in Barcelona, however, constructed in 1986.

Barcelona won the 1999 RIBA Royal Gold Medal for its architecture,[178] the first (and as of 2015[update], only) time that the winner has been a city rather than an individual architect. Barcelona is the home of many points of interest declared World Heritage Sites by UNESCO:[179]

Historic buildings and monuments Further information: List of Modernista buildings in Barcelona See also: Category:Buildings and structures in Barcelona Barcelona Cathedral Casa Milà Minor basilica of Sagrada Família, the symbol of Barcelona. Palau de la Música Catalana and Hospital de Sant Pau, designed by Lluís Domènech i Montaner, included in the UNESCO Heritage List in 1997. Works by Antoni Gaudí, including Park Güell, Palau Güell, Casa Milà (La Pedrera), Casa Vicens, Sagrada Família (Nativity façade and crypt), Casa Batlló, crypt in Church of Colònia Güell. The first three works were inscribed as a World Heritage Site in 1984. The other four were added as extensions to the site in 2005. The Cathedral of the Holy Cross and St. Eulalia (Gothic) Gothic basilica of Santa Maria del Mar Gothic basilica of Santa Maria del Pi Romanesque church of Sant Pau del Camp Palau Reial Major, medieval residence of the sovereign Counts of Barcelona, later Kings of Aragon The Royal Shipyard (gothic) Monastery of Pedralbes (gothic) The Columbus Monument The Arc de Triomf, a triumphal arch built for entrance to 1888 Barcelona Universal Exposition. Expiatory church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus on the summit of Tibidabo. The Historic Building of the University of Barcelona Museums Main article: List of museums in Barcelona The National Museum of Art of Catalonia stands out for its collection of Romanesque painting. Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art

Barcelona has many museums, which cover different areas and eras. The National Museum of Art of Catalonia possesses a well-known collection of Romanesque art, while the Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art focuses on post-1945 Catalan and Spanish art. The Fundació Joan Miró, Picasso Museum, and Fundació Antoni Tàpies hold important collections of these world-renowned artists, as well as the Can Framis Museum, focused on post-1960 Catalan Art owned by Fundació Vila Casas. Several museums cover the fields of history and archaeology, like the Barcelona City History Museum (MUHBA), the Museum of the History of Catalonia, the Archeology Museum of Catalonia, the Maritime Museum of Barcelona, the Music Museum of Barcelona and the privately owned Egyptian Museum of Barcelona. The Erotic museum of Barcelona is among the most peculiar ones, while CosmoCaixa is a science museum that received the European Museum of the Year Award in 2006.[180]

The Museum of Mathematics of Catalonia is a place where mathematics is approached from a practical and playful point of view. The Museum of Natural Sciences of Barcelona was founded in 1882 under the name of "Museo Martorell de Arqueología y Ciencias Naturales"[181][182] (Spanish for "Martorell Museum of Archaeology and Natural Sciences"). In 2011 the Museum of Natural Sciences ended up with a merge of five institutions: the Museum of Natural Sciences of Barcelona (the main site, at the Forum Building), the Martorell Museum (the historical seat of the Museum, opened to the public from 1924 to 2010 as a geology museum), the Laboratori de Natura, at the Castle of the Three Dragons (from 1920 to 2010: the Zoology Museum), the Historical Botanical Garden of Barcelona, founded 1930, and the Botanical garden of Barcelona, founded 1999. Those two gardens are a part of the Botanical Institute of Barcelona too.

The FC Barcelona Museum is the third most popular tourist attraction in Catalonia, with 1,51 million visitors in 2013.[183]

Parks Main article: Parks and gardens of Barcelona Park Güell Parc de la Ciutadella north of La Barceloneta

Barcelona contains sixty municipal parks, twelve of which are historic, five of which are thematic (botanical), forty-five of which are urban, and six of which are forest.[184] They range from vest-pocket parks to large recreation areas. The urban parks alone cover 10% of the city (549.7 ha or 1,358.3 acres).[74] The total park surface grows about 10 ha (25 acres) per year,[185] with a proportion of 18.1 m2 (195 sq ft) of park area per inhabitant.[186]

Of Barcelona's parks, Montjuïc is the largest, with 203 ha located on the mountain of the same name, and includes the Botanical Garden of Barcelona, the Mossèn Costa i Llobera Gardens, and more.[74] It is followed by Parc de la Ciutadella (which occupies the site of the old citadel and which houses the Parliament building, the Barcelona Zoo, and several museums); 31 ha or 76.6 acres including the zoo), the Guinardó Park (19 ha or 47.0 acres), Park Güell (designed by Antoni Gaudí; 17.2 ha or 42.5 acres), Oreneta Castle Park (also 17.2 ha or 42.5 acres), Diagonal Mar Park (13.3 ha or 32.9 acres, inaugurated in 2002), Nou Barris Central Park (13.2 ha or 32.6 acres), Can Dragó Sports Park and Poblenou Park (both 11.9 ha or 29.4 acres), the Labyrinth Park (9.10 ha or 22.5 acres), named after the garden maze it contains.[74] There are also several smaller parks, for example, the Parc de Les Aigües (2 ha or 4.9 acres). A part of the Collserola Park is also within the city limits. PortAventura World, one of the largest resort in Europe, with 5,837,509 visitors per year, is located one hour's drive from Barcelona.[187][188] Also, within the city lies Tibidabo Amusement Park, a smaller amusement park in Plaza del Tibidabo, with the Muntanya Russa amusement ride.

Beaches La Barceloneta

Barcelona beach was listed as number one in a list of the top ten city beaches in the world according to National Geographic[118] and Discovery Channel.[189] Barcelona contains seven beaches, totalling 4.5 km (2+3⁄4 mi) of coastline. Sant Sebastià, Barceloneta and Somorrostro beaches, both 1,100 m (3,610 ft) in length,[74] are the largest, oldest and the most-frequented beaches in Barcelona.

The Olympic Harbour separates them from the other city beaches: Nova Icària, Bogatell, Mar Bella, Nova Mar Bella and Llevant. These beaches (ranging from 400 to 640 m (1,310 to 2,100 ft) were opened as a result of the city restructuring to host the 1992 Summer Olympics, when a great number of industrial buildings were demolished. At present, the beach sand is artificially replenished given that storms regularly remove large quantities of material. The 2004 Universal Forum of Cultures left the city a large concrete bathing zone on the eastmost part of the city's coastline. Most recently, Llevant is the first beach to allow dogs access during summer season.

International relations Twin towns – sister cities See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in Spain

Barcelona is twinned with:[190]

Antwerp, Belgium (1997) Athens, Greece (1999) Boston, United States (1983) Busan, South Korea (1983) Cologne, Germany (1984) Dublin, Ireland (1998) Gaza City, Palestine (1998) Hana, Cuba (1993) Istanbul, Turkey (1997) Kobe, Japan (1993) Monterrey, Mexico (1977) Montevideo, Uruguay (1985) Montpellier, France (1963) Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1972) San Francisco, United States (2010) São Paulo, Brazil (1985) Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina (2000) Shanghai, China (2001) Tunis, Tunisia (1969) Valparaíso, Chile (2001) Suspended twin towns / sister cities agreements Saint Petersburg, Russia (1985, suspended in 2022)[191] Tel Aviv, Israel (1998, suspended in 2023 until Israel agrees to a ceasefire in Gaza)[192][193] Partnership and friendship

Barcelona also cooperates with:[190]

Amman, Jordan Guangzhou, China Isfahan, Iran Kyoto, Japan Lampedusa, Italy Lesbos, Greece Maputo, Mozambique New York City, United States Ningbo, China Paris, France Rosario, Argentina Saïda, Algeria Seoul, South Korea Tétouan, Morocco Turin, Italy Notable people Further information: Category:People from Barcelona See also Portals: Spain Cities European Union Outline of Barcelona Architecture of Barcelona Urban planning of Barcelona Street names in Barcelona List of markets in Barcelona List of tallest buildings in Barcelona Parks and gardens of Barcelona Public art in Barcelona Mobile World Congress OPENCities References Citations ^ "Ajuntament de Barcelona". Generalitat of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 4 January 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2015. ^ "El municipi en xifres: Barcelona". Statistical Institute of Catalonia. Archived from the original on 24 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015. ^ a b "Annual population census 2021-2024". 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Barcelona's Vocation of Modernity: Rise and Decline of an Urban Image (Stanford UP, 2008). 272 pp. External links Barcelona at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from WiktionaryMedia from CommonsNews from WikinewsQuotations from WikiquoteTexts from WikisourceTextbooks from WikibooksResources from WikiversityTrel information from Wikivoyage Official website of Barcelona Official website of Barcelona in Spain's national tourism portal Articles related to Barcelona vteDistricts and neighbourhoods of BarcelonaCiutat Vella La Barceloneta Gothic Quarter El Ral Sant Pere, Santa Caterina i la Ribera L'Eixample L'Antiga Esquerra de l'Eixample La Nova Esquerra de l'Eixample Dreta de l'Eixample Fort Pienc Sagrada Família Sant Antoni Sants-Montjuïc La Bordeta La Font de la Guatlla Hostafrancs La Marina de Port La Marina del Prat Vermell El Poble-sec Sants Sants-Badal Montjuïc Zona Franca – Port Les Corts Les Corts La Maternitat i Sant Ramon Pedralbes Sarrià-Sant Gervasi El Putxet i el Farró Sarrià Sant Gervasi – la Bonanova Sant Gervasi – Galvany les Tres Torres Vallvidrera, el Tibidabo i les Planes Gràcia Vila de Gràcia Camp d'en Grassot i Gràcia Nova La Salut El Coll Vallcarca i els Penitents Horta-Guinardó El Baix Guinardó El Guinardó Can Baró El Carmel La Font d'en Fargues Horta La Clota Montbau Sant Genís dels Agudells La Teixonera Vall d'Hebron Nou Barris Can Peguera Canyelles Ciutat Meridiana La Guineueta Porta La Prosperitat Roquetes Torre Baró La Trinitat Nova El Turó de la Peira Vallbona Verdum Vilapicina i la Torre Llobeta Sant Andreu Baró de Viver Bon Pastor El Congrés i els Indians Nas/Torrent de la Guineu Sant Andreu de Palomar La Sagrera Trinitat Vella Sant Martí El Besòs i el Maresme El Clot El Camp de l'Arpa del Clot Diagonal Mar i el Front Marítim del Poblenou El Parc i la Llacuna del Poblenou El Poblenou Provençals del Poblenou Sant Martí de Provençals La Verneda i la Pau La Vila Olímpica del Poblenou vteBarcelona landmarksBeaches Barceloneta Sant Sebastià Somorrostro Buildings and structures Ancient synagogue Arc de Triomf Arenas de Barcelona Avinguda Diagonal Barcelona Cathedral Barcelona Pilion Barcelona Royal Shipyard Basilica of Our Lady of Mercy Basilica of Saint Joseph Oriol Basilica of Saints Justus and Pastor Basilica of the Immaculate Conception Bellesguard Casa Amatller Casa Batlló Casa Bonentura Ferrer Casa Bonet Casa Calvet Casa de les Punxes Casa Lleó Morera Casa Martí Casa Milà Casa Vicens Castle of the Three Dragons City Hall Columbus Monument Diagonal Zero Zero Dona i Ocell Els Quatre Gats Estació de França Fabra Observatory Font de Canaletes Forum Building Fossar de les Moreres Hospital de Sant Pau Hotel Arts Hotel Melia Barcelona Sky La Boqueria La Monumental Library of Catalonia Magic Fountain of Montjuïc Mercat del Born Monastery of Pedralbes Montjuïc Castle Montjuïc Communications Tower Old Hospital de la Santa Creu Palau de la Generalitat de Catalunya Palau del Parlament de Catalunya Palau Güell Palau Nacional Royal Palace of Pedralbes Palau Reial Major Palau Robert Poble Espanyol Port Olímpic Port Vell Sagrada Família Santa Maria del Mar Santa Maria del Pi Temple Expiatori del Sagrat Cor Torre de Collserola Torre Glòries Venetian Towers Virreina Palace World Trade Center Barcelona Museums Archaeology Museum of Catalonia Barcelona Museum of Contemporary Art CaixaForum Barcelona Can Framis Museum Centre d'Art Santa Mònica Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona CosmoCaixa Barcelona FC Barcelona Museum Fundació Antoni Tàpies Fundació Joan Miró Gabinet de les Arts Gràfiques Gaudí House Museum Jardí Botànic de Barcelona Joan Antoni Samaranch Olympic and Sport Museum Maritime Museum Museu Barbier-Mueller d'Art Precolombí Museu de la Música Museu de la Xocolata Museu de les Arts Decoratives Museu Frederic Marès Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya Museu Picasso Museu Tèxtil i d'Indumentària Museum of the History of Barcelona Museum of the History of Catalonia Perfume Museum Vil·la Joana Performing arts L'Auditori Coliseum Festival Grec de Barcelona Gran Teatre del Liceu Palau de la Música Catalana Teatre Lliure Teatre Nacional de Catalunya Teatre Principal Parks and gardens Catalunya en Miniatura Mossèn Costa i Llobera Gardens Oreneta Park Parc de la Ciutadella Parc de la Creueta del Coll Park Güell Parc de Joan Miró Parc del Laberint d'Horta Streets and squares Avinguda Diagonal Avinguda Meridiana Gran Via de les Corts Catalanes La Rambla Passeig de Gràcia Plaça d'Espanya Plaça d'Ildefons Cerdà Plaça de Catalunya Plaça de Francesc Macià Plaça del Rei Plaça Sant Jaume Rambla de Catalunya Royal Square Sports venues Anella Olímpica Camp de Les Corts Camp Municipal Narcís Sala Camp Nou Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys Mini Estadi Palau Blaugrana Palau dels Esports Palau Sant Jordi Sarrià Stadium Cemeteries Montjuïc Cemetery Fossar de la Pedrera Poblenou Cemetery The Kiss of Death (sculpture) Zoos Aquarium Barcelona Barcelona Zoo Miscellaneous Street furniture in Barcelona vteTransport in BarcelonaRoadMotorways A-2 A-7 AP-2 AP-7 B-21 B-22 B-23 B-24 C-16 C-17 C-31 C-32 C-33 C-58 Ring roads B-10 (Ronda Litoral) B-20 (Ronda Dalt) B-30 B-40 PublictransportCompanies ATM FGC Renfe TMB TramMet Networks Buses Metro Rodalies Tramways Trambaix Trambesòs StationsBus Nord Sagrera (under construction) Sants Train (Adif) França Sagrera (under construction) Sants Airport Barcelona–El Prat Airport Sabadell Airport (domestic flights) Seaport Port of Barcelona Leisure Bicing Bus (Tourist) Montjuïc Cable Car Montjuïc Funicular Port Vell Aerial Tramway Tibidabo Funicular Vallvidrera Funicular Category vteMunicipalities of Barcelonès Badalona Barcelona L'Hospitalet de Llobregat Sant Adrià de Besòs Santa Coloma de Gramenet vteMunicipalities in the province of Barcelona1,500,000+ Barcelona 250,000+ L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 200,000+ Badalona Sabadell Terrassa 100,000+ Mataró Santa Coloma de Gramenet 75,000+ Cornellà de Llobregat Manresa Sant Boi de Llobregat Sant Cugat del Vallès 50,000+ Castelldefels Cerdanyola del Vallès Granollers Mollet del Vallès El Prat de Llobregat Rubí Viladecans Vilanova i la Geltrú 25,000+ Barberà del Vallès Esplugues de Llobregat Gà Igualada Martorell Molins de Rei Montcada i Reixac Pineda de Mar Premià de Mar Ripollet Sant Adrià de Besòs Sant Andreu de la Barca Sant Feliu de Llobregat Sant Joan Despí Sant Pere de Ribes Sant Vicenç dels Horts Santa Perpètua de Mogoda Sitges Vic Vilafranca del Penedès under 25,000 Abrera Aguilar de Segarra Aiguafreda Alella Alpens L'Ametlla del Vallès Arenys de Mar Arenys de Munt Argençola Argentona Artés Avià Avinyó Avinyonet del Penedès Badia del Vallès Bagà Balenyà Balsareny Begues Bellprat Berga Bigues i Riells Borredà El Bruc El Brull Les Cabanyes Cabrera de Mar Cabrera d'Anoia Cabrils Calaf Calders Caldes de Montbui Caldes d'Estrac Calella Calonge de Segarra Calldetenes Callús Campins Canet de Mar Canovelles Cànoves i Samalús Canyelles Capellades Capolat Cardedeu Cardona Carme Casserres Castell de l'Areny Castellar de n'Hug Castellar del Riu Castellar del Vallès Castellbell i el Vilar Castellbisbal Castellcir Castellet i la Gornal Castellfollit de Riubregós Castellfollit del Boix Castellgalí Castellnou de Bages Castellolí Castellterçol Castellví de la Marca Castellví de Rosanes Centelles Cercs Cervelló Collbató Collsuspina Copons Corbera de Llobregat Cubelles Dosrius Esparreguera L'Espunyola L'Esquirol Estany Figaró-Montmany Fígols Fogars de la Selva Fogars de Montclús Folgueroles Fonollosa Font-rubí Les Franqueses del Vallès Gaià Gallifa La Garriga Gelida Gironella Gisclareny La Granada Granera Gualba Guardiola de Berguedà Gurb Els Hostalets de Pierola Jorba La Llacuna La Llagosta Lliçà d'Amunt Lliçà de Vall Llinars del Vallès Lluçà Malgrat de Mar Malla Manlleu Marganell Martorelles Les Masies de Roda Les Masies de Voltregà El Masnou Masquefa Matadepera Mediona Moià Monistrol de Calders Monistrol de Montserrat Montclar Montesquiu Montgat Montmajor Montmaneu Montmeló Montornès del Vallès Montseny Muntanyola Mura Narcles Nàs La Nou de Berguedà Òdena Olèrdola Olesa de Bonesvalls Olesa de Montserrat Olivella Olost Olvan Orís Oristà Orpí Òrrius Pacs del Penedès Palafolls Palau-solità i Plegamans La Palma de Cervelló Pallejà El Papiol Parets del Vallès Perafita Piera El Pla del Penedès La Pobla de Claramunt La Pobla de Lillet Polinyà El Pont de Vilomara i Rocafort Pontons Prats de Lluçanès Els Prats de Rei Premià de Dalt Puigdàlber Puig-reig Pujalt La Quar Rajadell Rellinars La Roca del Vallès Roda de Ter Rubió Rupit i Pruit Sagàs Saldes Sallent Sant Agustí de Lluçanès Sant Andreu de Llaneres Sant Antoni de Vilamajor Sant Bartomeu del Grau Sant Boi de Lluçanès Sant Cebrià de Vallalta Sant Celoni Sant Climent de Llobregat Sant Cugat Sesgarrigues Sant Esteve de Palautordera Sant Esteve Sesrovires Sant Feliu de Codines Sant Feliu Sasserra Sant Fost de Campsentelles Sant Fruitós de Bages Sant Hipòlit de Voltregà Sant Iscle de Vallalta Sant Jaume de Frontanyà Sant Joan de Vilatorrada Sant Julià de Cerdanyola Sant Julià de Vilatorta Sant Just Desvern Sant Llorenç d'Hortons Sant Llorenç Sall Sant Martí d'Albars Sant Martí de Centelles Sant Martí de Tous Sant Martí Sarroca Sant Martí Sesgueioles Sant Mateu de Bages Sant Pere de Riudebitlles Sant Pere de Torelló Sant Pere de Vilamajor Sant Pere Sallinera Sant Pol de Mar Sant Quintí de Mediona Sant Quirze de Besora Sant Quirze del Vallès Sant Quirze Safaja Sant Sadurní d'Anoia Sant Sadurní d'Osormort Sant Salvador de Guardiola Sant Vicenç de Castellet Sant Vicenç de Montalt Sant Vicenç de Torelló Santa Cecília de Voltregà Santa Coloma de Cervelló Santa Eugènia de Berga Santa Eulàlia de Riuprimer Santa Eulàlia de Ronçana Santa Fe del Penedès Santa Margarida de Montbui Santa Margarida i els Monjos Santa Maria de Besora Santa Maria de Martorelles Santa Maria de Merlès Santa Maria de Miralles Santa Maria de Palautordera Santa Maria d'Oló Santa Susanna Santpedor Sentmenat Seva Sobremunt Sora Subirats Súria Tagamanent Talamanca Taradell Tèrnoles Tertet Teià Tiana Tona Tordera Torelló La Torre de Claramunt Torrelit Torrelles de Foix Torrelles de Llobregat Ullastrell Vacarisses Vallbona d'Anoia Vallcebre Vallgorguina Vallirana Vallromanes Veciana Vilada Viladecalls Vilalba Sasserra Vilanova de Sau Vilanova del Camí Vilanova del Vallès Vilassar de Dalt Vilassar de Mar Vilobí del Penedès Viver i Serrateix vteCities in Spain by population1,000,000+ Madrid Barcelona 500,000 – 999,999 Valencia Seville Zaragoza Málaga 300,000 – 499,999 Murcia Palma Las Palmas de Gran Canaria Bilbao Alicante Cordoba 200,000 – 299,999 Valladolid Vigo Gijón L'Hospitalet de Llobregat A Coruña Vitoria-Gasteiz Granada Elche Oviedo Badalona Cartagena Terrassa Jerez de la Frontera Sabadell Santa Cruz de Tenerife Móstoles Alcalá de Henares 100,000 – 199,999 Pamplona Fuenlabrada Almería Leganés San Sebastián Burgos Santander Castellón de la Plana Getafe Albacete Alcorcón Logroño San Cristóbal de La Laguna Badajoz Salamanca Huelva Lleida Marbella Tarragona León Cádiz Lleida Dos Hermanas Tarragona Torrejón de Ardoz Parla Mataró Algeciras Santa Coloma de Gramenet Alcobendas Jaén Ourense Reus Barakaldo Girona 75,000 – 99,999 Lugo Roquetas de Mar Santiago de Compostela Cáceres Las Rozas de Madrid Lorca San Fernando El Puerto de Santa María Guadalajara Melilla Toledo Torrevieja Ceuta Talera de la Reina Pontevedra Orihuela Palencia Avilés Alcalá de Guadaíra Ciudad Real Complete list Ranked list vteCapitals of provinces of Spain A Coruña Albacete Alicante Almería Ávila Badajoz Barcelona Bilbao Burgos Cáceres Cádiz Castellón de la Plana Ciudad Real Córdoba Cuenca Girona Granada Guadalajara Huelva Huesca Jaén Logroño Las Palmas León Lleida Lugo Madrid Málaga Murcia Ourense Oviedo Palencia Palma de Mallorca Pamplona Pontevedra Salamanca San Sebastián Santander Santa Cruz de Tenerife Segovia Seville Soria Tarragona Teruel Toledo Valencia Valladolid Vitoria-Gasteiz Zamora Zaragoza vteCapitals of autonomous communities of Spain Seville Andalusia Zaragoza Aragon Oviedo Asturias Palma Balearic Islands Vitoria-Gasteiz Basque Country Santa Cruz and Las Palmas Canary Islands Santander Cantabria Toledo Castilla–La Mancha Valladolid de facto, Castile and León Barcelona Catalonia Mérida Extremadura Santiago de Compostela Galicia Logroño La Rioja Madrid Community of Madrid Murcia Region of Murcia Pamplona Narre Valencia Valencian Community Ceuta1 Melilla1 1 Autonomous cities vteCapitals of EuropeCapitals of dependent territories and states whose sovereignty is disputed shown in italics.Sovereign states Amsterdam, Netherlands1 Andorra la Vella, Andorra Ankara, Turkey2 Astana, Kazakhstan2 Athens, Greece Baku, Azerbaijan2 Belgrade, Serbia Berlin, Germany Bern, Switzerland Bratisla, Slovakia Brussels, Belgium3 Bucharest, Romania Budapest, Hungary Chișinău, Moldova Copenhagen, Denmark Dublin, Ireland Helsinki, Finland Kyiv, Ukraine Lisbon, Portugal Ljubljana, Slovenia London, United Kingdom Luxembourg, Luxembourg Madrid, Spain Minsk, Belarus Monaco4 Moscow, Russia Nicosia, Cyprus2 Oslo, Norway Paris, France Podgorica, Montenegro Prague, Czech Republic Reykjík, Iceland Riga, Latvia Rome, Italy San Marino, San Marino Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina Skopje, North Macedonia Sofia, Bulgaria Stockholm, Sweden Tallinn, Estonia Tbilisi, Georgia2 Tirana, Albania Vaduz, Liechtenstein Valletta, Malta Vatican City4 Vienna, Austria Vilnius, Lithuania Warsaw, Poland Yerevan, Armenia2 Zagreb, Croatia States withlimited recognition North Nicosia, Northern Cyprus2 Pristina, Kosovo Sokhumi, Abkhazia2 Tiraspol, Transnistria Tskhinvali, South Ossetia2 DependenciesUnited KingdomConstituent countries London, England Edinburgh, Scotland Cardiff, Wales Belfast, Northern Ireland Crown Dependencies andOverseas Territories Douglas, Isle of Man Episkopi Cantonment, Akrotiri and Dhekelia Gibraltar, Gibraltar St Helier, Jersey Saint Peter Port, Guernsey Other Longyearbyen, Svalbard (Norway) Tórshn, Faroe Islands (Denmark) Federal statesAustria Bregenz, Vorarlberg Eisenstadt, Burgenland Graz, Styria Innsbruck, Tyrol Klagenfurt, Carinthia Linz, Upper Austria Salzburg, Salzburg Sankt Pölten, Lower Austria Vienna, Vienna BelgiumCommunities Brussels, Flemish Community and French Community Eupen, German-speaking Community Regions Brussels, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders Namur, Wallonia Bosnia and Herzegovina Banja Luka (de facto), Republika Srpska Brčko, Brčko District Sarajevo, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Germany Berlin, Berlin Bremen, Bremen Dresden, Saxony Düsseldorf, North Rhine-Westphalia Erfurt, Thuringia Hamburg, Hamburg Hanover, Lower Saxony Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein Magdeburg, Saxony-Anhalt Mainz, Rhineland-Palatinate Munich, Baria Potsdam, Brandenburg Saarbrücken, Saarland Schwerin, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Stuttgart, Baden-Württemberg Wiesbaden, Hesse RussiaRepublics Cheboksary, Chuvashia Cherkessk, Karachay-Cherkessia Elista, Kalmykia Grozny, Chechnya Izhevsk, Udmurtia Kazan, Tatarstan Magas, Ingushetia Makhachkala, Dagestan Maykop, Adygea Nalchik, Kabardino-Balkaria Petrozodsk, Karelia Saransk, Mordovia Simferopol, Crimea (disputed) Syktyvkar, Komi Ufa, Bashkortostan Vladikkaz, North Ossetia–Alania Yoshkar-Ola, Mari El Autonomous okrugs Naryan-Mar, Nenets Krais Krasnodar, Krasnodar Krai Perm, Perm Krai Stropol, Stropol Krai Oblasts Arkhangelsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast Astrakhan, Astrakhan Oblast Belgorod, Belgorod Oblast Bryansk, Bryansk Oblast Ivanovo, Ivanovo Oblast Kaliningrad, Kaliningrad Oblast Kaluga, Kaluga Oblast Kirov, Kirov Oblast Kostroma, Kostroma Oblast Krasnogorsk and Moscow, Moscow Oblast (de facto) Kursk, Kursk Oblast Lipetsk, Lipetsk Oblast Murmansk, Murmansk Oblast Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast Orenburg, Orenburg Oblast Oryol, Oryol Oblast Penza, Penza Oblast Pskov, Pskov Oblast Rostov-on-Don, Rostov Oblast Ryazan, Ryazan Oblast Gatchina, Leningrad Oblast Samara, Samara Oblast Saratov, Saratov Oblast Smolensk, Smolensk Oblast Tambov, Tambov Oblast Tula, Tula Oblast Tver, Tver Oblast Ulyanovsk, Ulyanovsk Oblast Veliky Novgorod, Novgorod Oblast Vladimir, Vladimir Oblast Volgograd, Volgograd Oblast Vologda, Vologda Oblast Voronezh, Voronezh Oblast Yarosll, Yarosll Oblast Federal cities Moscow Saint Petersburg Sevastopol (disputed) Switzerland Aarau, Aargau Altdorf, Uri Appenzell, Appenzell Innerrhoden Basel, Basel-Stadt Bellinzona, Ticino Chur, Grisons Delémont, Jura Frauenfeld, Thurgau Fribourg, Canton of Fribourg Geneva, Canton of Geneva Herisau, Appenzell Ausserrhoden Lausanne, Vaud Liestal, Basel-Landschaft Lucerne, Canton of Lucerne Neuchâtel, Canton of Neuchâtel Sarnen, Obwalden Schaffhausen, Canton of Schaffhausen Schwyz, Canton of Schwyz Sion, Valais Solothurn, Canton of Solothurn Stans, Nidwalden St. Gallen, Canton of St. Gallen Glarus, Canton of Glarus Zug, Canton of Zug Zurich, Canton of Zürich AutonomousentitiesItalyAutonomous regions Cagliari, Sardinia Palermo, Sicily Trento, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol Aosta, Aosta Valley Trieste, Friuli Venezia Giulia PortugalAutonomous regions Ponta Delgada, Angra do Heroísmo, & Horta, Azores Funchal, Madeira Spain Barcelona, Catalonia Las Palmas & Santa Cruz de Tenerife, Canary Islands Logroño, La Rioja Madrid, Community of Madrid Mérida, Extremadura Murcia, Region of Murcia Oviedo, Asturias Palma de Mallorca, Balearic Islands Pamplona, Narre Santander, Cantabria Santiago de Compostela, Galicia Seville, Andalusia Toledo, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto) Valencia, Valencian Community Valladolid, Castile and León (de facto) Vitoria-Gasteiz, Basque Country (de facto) Zaragoza, Aragon Other Ajaccio, Corsica Collectivité (France) Batumi, Adjara (Georgia) Comrat, Gagauzia (Moldova) Karyes, Mount Athos (Greece) Mariehamn, Åland Islands (Finland) Nakhchivan, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan) Novi Sad, Vojvodina (Serbia) Simferopol, Crimea (Ukraine) 1 Also the capital of the Kingdom of the Netherlands 2 Continental placement may vary depending on geographic convention being followed 3 Also the seat of the European Union, see Institutional seats of the European Union and Brussels and the European Union 4 A city-state vteSummer Olympic Games host cities 1896: Athens 1900: Paris 1904: St. Louis 1908: London 1912: Stockholm 1916: None[c1] 1920: Antwerp 1924: Paris 1928: Amsterdam 1932: Los Angeles 1936: Berlin 1940: None[c2] 1944: None[c2] 1948: London 1952: Helsinki 1956: Melbourne 1960: Rome 1964: Tokyo 1968: Mexico City 1972: Munich 1976: Montreal 1980: Moscow 1984: Los Angeles 1988: Seoul 1992: Barcelona 1996: Atlanta 2000: Sydney 2004: Athens 2008: Beijing 2012: London 2016: Rio de Janeiro 2020: Tokyo[c3] 2024: Paris 2028: Los Angeles 2032: Brisbane [c1] Cancelled due to World War I; [c2] Cancelled due to World War II; [c3] Postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic vte Summer Paralympic Games host cities 1960: Rome 1964: Tokyo 1968: Tel Aviv 1972: Heidelberg 1976: Toronto 1980: Arnhem 1984: New York City / Stoke Mandeville 1988: Seoul 1992: Barcelona / Madrid 1996: Atlanta 2000: Sydney 2004: Athens 2008: Beijing 2012: London 2016: Rio de Janeiro 2020: Tokyo 2024: Paris 2028: Los Angeles 2032: Brisbane vteMediterranean Games 1951 Alexandria 1955 Barcelona 1959 Beirut 1963 Naples 1967 Tunis 1971 İzmir 1975 Algiers 1979 Split 1983 Casablanca 1987 Latakia 1991 Athens 1993 Languedoc-Roussillon 1997 Bari 2001 Tunis 2005 Almería 2009 Pescara 2013 Mersin 2018 Tarragona 2022 Oran 2026 Taranto 2030 Pristina Places adjacent to Barcelona Cerdanyola del VallèsSant Cugat del Vallès Montcada i Reixac Santa Coloma de Gramenet Molins de ReiSant Feliu de LlobregatSant Just Desvern Barcelona Sant Adrià de Besòs Esplugues de LlobregatL'Hospitalet de Llobregat El Prat de Llobregat Balearic Sea Authority control databases InternationalISNIVIAF2GNDFASTWorldCatNationalUnited StatesFranceBnF dataJapanCzech RepublicSpainPortugalGreeceVaticanIsraelCataloniaGeographicMusicBrainz areaPleiadesOtherIdRefNARAİslâm 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