This article is about the demographics of the People's Republic of China. For the demographics of the Republic of China (Taiwan), see Demographics of Taiwan.
Demographics of ChinaPopulation pyramid of China in November 2020Population 1,408,280,000 (31 December 2024)[1]Growth rate −0.15% (2023 est.) (159th)Birth rate 6.77 births per 1,000 (2024 est.)[2]Death rate7.87 deaths per 1,000 (2023 est.)Life expectancy 78.6 years (2022) • male 76.0 years (2022) • female 81.3 years (2022)Fertility rate 1.15 children per woman (2024 est.)[3]Infant mortality rate6.76 deaths per 1000 live births (2022)[4]Age structure0–14 years16.48% (male 124,166,174/female 108,729,429)15–64 years69.4% (male 504,637,819/female 476,146,909)65 and over14.11% (male 92,426,805/female 107,035,710) (2023 est.)[5]Sex ratioAt birth1.11 male to female (2020 est.)65 and over0.90 male to female (2020 est.)NationalityMajor ethnic Han Chinese (91.11%)[6]Minor ethnic Zhuang (1.39%) Uyghurs (0.84%) Hui (0.81%) Miao (0.79%) Manchus (0.74%) Yi (0.70%) Tujia (0.68%) Tibetans (0.50%) Mongols (0.45%) Bouyei (0.25%) Other groups (1.74%) LanguageOfficialStandard ChineseSpokenVarious; See Languages of China
The People's Republic of China is the second most-populous country in the world with a population exceeding 1.4 billion, only surpassed by India. Historically, China has always been one of the most populated regions of the world.[citation needed]
China's population has a relatively small youth component, partially a result of the strict enforcement of China's one-child policy that was in effect from 1979 until 2015, which limited urban families to one offspring and rural families to two. As of 2022[update], Chinese state media reported the country's total fertility rate to be 1.09, one of the lowest in the world alongside South Korea, Taiwan, Hong Kong and Singapore.[7]
China was the world's most populous country from at least 1950[8] until being surpassed by India in 2023.[9][10]
By one estimate, in 2024 China's population stood at about 1.408 billion, down from the 1.412 billion recorded in the 2020 census.[11] According to the 2020 census, 91.11% of the population was Han Chinese, and 8.89% were minorities. China's population growth rate is -0.10%.[12][13] China conducted its sixth national population census in 2010,[14][15] and its seventh census was completed in late 2020, with data released in May 2021.[16]
China faces the challenge of an aging population due to increased life expectancy and declining birth rates.[17] This demographic shift has implications for social services and the labor force.[17]
Population[edit] Historical population[edit] Main article: Population history of China Historical population in China from 400 BC[18] Historical population of India and China since 1100 with projection to 2100 (Outdated, early 2022 projections)During 1960–2015, the population grew to nearly 1.4 billion. Under Mao Zedong, China nearly doubled in population from 540 million in 1949 to 969 million in 1979. This growth slowed because of the one-child policy instituted in 1979.[18] The 2022 data shows a declining population for the first time since 1961.[19]
China's population reached 1 billion in 1982, making it the first country to reach this milestone.[20]
Censuses in China[edit] Main article: Census in ChinaThe People's Republic of China conducted censuses in 1953, 1964, 1982, 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020. In 1987, the government announced that the fourth national census would take place in 1990 and that there would be one every ten years thereafter. The 1982 census (which reported a total population of 1,008,180,738) is generally accepted as significantly more reliable, accurate, and thorough than the previous two.[21] Various international organizations eagerly assisted the Chinese in conducting the 1982 census, including the United Nations Fund for Population Activities, which donated US$100.0 million between 1980 and 1989 for a variety of projects, one of which being the 1982 census.[22]
China was the world's most populous nation until being surpassed by India in 2023.[23]
By the seventh census in 2020, the total population had reached to 1,419,933,142, with the mainland hing 1,411,778,724, Hong Kong hing 7,474,200, and Macau hing 683,218. However, this number is disputed by obstetrics researcher Yi Fuxian, who argues that data related to population growth is inflated by local governments to obtain financial subsidies from the central government.[24]
Population density and distribution[edit] Population density in the year 2000 General topographic map of the most populous part of China, as per 2024 (Click to enlarge)China is the second most populous country in the world and its national population density (137/km2) is very similar to those of countries like Denmark (excluding Greenland) or the Czech Republic. However, the overall population density of China contains major regional variations. In 2002, about 94% of the population lived east of the Heihe–Tengchong Line; although this eastern area comprises only 43% of China's total land area, its population density, at roughly 280/km2, is comparable to that of Japan.[25]
Broadly speaking, the population concentrates east of the Tibetan Plateau and south of the northern steppe. The most densely populated areas included the Yangtze River Valley (of which the delta region was the most populous), Sichuan Basin, North China Plain, Pearl River Delta, and the industrial area around the city of Shenyang in the northeast.[26]
Population is most sparse in the mountainous, desert, and grassland regions of the northwest and southwest. In Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, portions are completely uninhabited, and only a few sections he populations denser than ten people per km2. The Inner Mongolia, Xinjiang, and Tibet autonomous regions and Qinghai and Gansu comprise 55% of the country's land area but in 1985 contained only 5.7% of its population.
Area (km2) Population Density China 9,650,000 (100%) 1,411,778,724 (100%) 134.7/km2 5 provinces 5,246,400 (54.45%) 84,493,388 (5.98%) 15.16/km2 Inner Mongolia 1,183,000 (12.28% ) 24,049,155 (1.70%) 20.33/km2 Xinjiang 1,660,000 (17.23%) 25,852,345 (1.83%) 12.62/km2 Tibet 1,228,400 (12.75%) 3,648,100 (0.26%) 2.31/km2 Qinghai 721,000 (7.48%) 5,923,957 (0.42%) 7.65/km2 Gansu 454,000 (4.71%) 25,019,831 (1.77%) 57.65/km2 Other provinces 4,403,605 (45.55%) 1,327,285,336 (94.02%) 277.27/km2 Source: National Bureau of Statistics Population of China by province 1953–2020[27][28] Province orautonomous region Census 1953 Census 1964 Census 1982 Census 1990 Census 2000 Census 2010 Census 2020 number % number % number % number % number % number % number % Beijing Municipality 3,768,149 1.48 8,568,495 1.23 9,230,687 3.92 11,819,407 0.95 13,820,000 1.09 19,612,368 1.46 21,893,095 1.55 Hebei 35,984,644 6.18 49,687,781 6.58 53,005,876 5.26 61,082,439 5.39 67,440,000 5.33 79,854,202 5.36 74,610,235 5.28 Tianjin Municipality 2,693,831 0.46 7,764,141 0.77 8,785,402 0.77 10,010,000 0.79 12,938,224 0.97 13,866,009 0.98 Shanxi 14,314,485 2.46 18,015,067 2.59 25,291,389 2.51 28,759,014 2.54 32,970,000 2.60 35,712,111 2.67 34,915,616 2.47 Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region 6,100,104 1.05 12,348,638 1.78 19,274,279 1.91 21,456,798 1.89 23,760,000 1.88 24,706,321 1.84 24,049,155 1.70 Rehe (now defunct) 5,160,822 0.89 Liaoning 18,545,147 3.18 26,946,200 3.88 35,721,693 3.54 39,459,697 3.48 42,380,000 3.35 43,746,323 3.27 42,591,407 3.02 Jilin 11,290,073 1.94 15,668,663 2.26 22,560,053 2.24 24,658,721 2.18 27,280,000 2.16 27,462,297 2.05 24,073,453 1.71 Heilongjiang 11,897,309 2.04 20,118,271 2.90 32,665,546 3.24 35,214,873 3.11 39,890,000 2.91 38,312,224 2.86 31,850,088 2.26 Shanghai Municipality 6,204,417 1.06 10,816,458 1.56 11,859,748 1.18 13,341,896 1.18 16,740,000 1.32 23,019,148 1.72 24,870,895 1.76 Jiangsu 41,252,192 7.08 44,504,608 6.41 60,521,114 6.00 67,056,519 5.91 74,380,000 5.88 77,659,903 5.87 84,748,016 6.00 Zhejiang 22,865,747 3.92 28,318,573 4.08 38,884,603 3.86 41,445,930 3.66 46,770,000 3.69 54,426,891 4.06 64,567,588 4.57 Anhui 30,343,637 5.21 31,241,657 4.50 49,665,724 4.93 56,180,813 4.96 59,860,000 4.73 59,500,510 4.44 61,027,171 4.32 Fujian 13,142,721 2.26 16,757,223 2.41 25,931,106 2.57 30,097,274 2.65 34,710,000 2.74 36,894,216 2.75 41,540,086 2.94 Jiangxi 16,772,865 2.88 21,068,019 3.03 33,184,827 3.29 37,710,281 3.33 41,400,000 3.27 44,567,475 3.33 45,188,635 3.20 Shandong 48,876,548 8.39 55,519,038 7.99 74,419,054 7.38 84,392,827 7.44 90,790,000 7.17 95,793,065 7.15 101,527,453 7.19 Henan 44,214,594 7.59 50,325,511 7.25 74,422,739 7.38 85,509,535 7.54 92,560,000 7.31 94,023,567 7.02 99,365,519 7.04 Hubei 27,789,693 4.77 33,709,344 4.85 47,804,150 4.74 53,969,210 4.76 60,280,000 4.76 57,237,740 4.27 57,752,557 4.09 Hunan 33,226,954 5.70 37,182,286 5.35 54,008,851 5.36 60,659,754 5.35 64,440,000 5.09 65,683,722 4.90 66,444,864 4.71 Guangdong 34,770,059 5.97 42,800,849 6.16 59,299,220 5.88 62,829,236 5.54 86,420,000 6.83 104,303,132 7.79 126,012,510 8.93 Hainan 7,870,000 0.62 8,671,518 0.65 10,081,232 0.71 Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 19,560,822 3.36 20,845,017 3.00 36,420,960 3.61 42,245,765 3.73 44,890,000 3.55 46,026,629 3.55 50,126,804 3.55 Sichuan 62,303,999 10.69 67,956,490 9.78 99,713,310 9.89 107,218,173 9.46 83,290,000 6.58 80,418,200 6.00 83,674,866 5.93 Chongqing Municipality[note 1] 30,900,000 2.44 28,846,170 2.15 32,054,159 2.27 Guizhou 15,037,310 2.58 17,140,521 2.47 28,552,997 2.83 32,391,066 2.86 35,250,000 2.78 34,746,468 2.59 38,562,148 2.73 Yunnan 17,472,737 3.00 20,509,525 2.95 32,553,817 3.23 36,972,610 3.26 42,880,000 3.39 45,966,239 3.43 47,209,277 3.34 Tibet Autonomous Region 1,273,969 0.22 1,251,225 0.18 1,892,393 0.19 2,196,010 0.19 2,620,000 0.21 3,002,166 0.22 3,648,100 0.26 Xikang (now defunct) 3,381,064 0.58 Shaanxi 15,881,281 2.73 20,766,915 2.99 28,904,423 2.87 32,882,403 2.90 36,050,000 2.85 37,327,378 2.79 39,528,999 2.80 Gansu 12,093,600 2.06 12,630,569 1.82 19,569,261 1.94 22,371,141 1.97 25,620,000 2.02 25,575,254 1.91 25,019,831 1.77 Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region 1,506,200 0.26 2,107,500 0.30 3,895,578 0.39 4,655,451 0.41 5,620,000 0.44 6,301,350 0.47 7,202,654 0.51 Qinghai 1,676,534 0.29 2,145,604 0.31 3,895,706 0.39 4,456,946 0.39 5,180,000 0.41 5,626,722 0.42 5,923,957 0.42 Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region 4,873,608 0.84 7,270,067 1.05 13,081,681 1.30 15,155,778 1.34 19,250,000 1.52 21,813,334 1.63 25,852,345 1.83 Military personnel 4,238,210 3,199,100 2,500,000 2,300,000 2,000,000 Population with permanent residence difficult to define 4,649,985 Total China 582,603,417 694,581,759 1,008,175,288 1,133,682,501 1,265,830,000 1,339,724,852 1,411,778,724 Structure of the population[edit]Census population of China by age and sex:
China population pyramid as of 1st National Census day on June 30, 1953 China population pyramid as of 2nd National Census day on July 1, 1964 China population pyramid as of 3rd National Census day on July 1, 1982 China population pyramid as of 4th National Census day on July 1, 1990 China population pyramid as of 5th National Census day on November 1, 2000 China population pyramid as of 6th National Census day on November 1, 2010 China population pyramid as of 7th National Census day on November 1, 2020 China population pyramid as projected of 8th National Census day on November 1, 2030, in scenario of constant TFR at 2021 level and continued improvements in mortality Population pyramid of China from 1950 to 2022 Age structure projections for China up to 2100Population by Sex and Age Group (as of November 01, 2010). For statistical purposes, the data for China do not include those for Hong Kong and Macau. Data exclude 2.3 million servicemen, 4.65 million persons with permanent resident status difficult to define, and 0.12 per cent undercount based on the post enumeration survey:[29]
Age Group Male Female Total % Total 682,329,104 650,481,765 1,332,810,869 100% 0–4 41,062,566 34,470,044 75,532,610 5.67% 5–9 38,464,665 32,416,884 70,881,549 5.32% 10–14 40,267,277 34,641,185 74,908,462 5.62% 15–19 51,904,830 47,984,284 99,889,114 7.49% 20–24 64,008,573 63,403,945 127,412,518 9.56% 25–29 50,837,038 50,176,814 101,013,852 7.58% 30–34 49,521,822 47,616,381 97,138,203 7.29% 35–39 60,391,104 57,634,855 118,025,959 8.86% 40–44 63,608,678 61,145,286 124,753,964 9.36% 45–49 53,776,418 51,818,135 105,594,553 7.92% 50–54 40,363,234 38,389,937 78,753,171 5.91% 55–59 41,082,938 40,229,536 81,312,474 6.10% 60–64 29,834,426 28,832,856 58,667,282 4.40% 65–69 20,748,471 20,364,811 41,113,282 3.08% 70–74 16,403,453 16,568,944 32,972,397 2.47% 75–79 11,278,859 12,573,274 23,852,133 1.79% 80–84 5,917,502 7,455,696 13,373,198 1.00% 85–89 2,199,810 3,432,118 5,631,928 0.42% 90–94 530,872 1,047,435 1,578,307 0.12% 95–99 117,716 252,263 369,979 0.03% 100+ 8,852 27,082 35,934 > 人口普查公报". 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Retrieved 12 November 2021. ^ Note that not all autonomous region has its designated ethnicity as majority. For example, Weishan Yi and Hui Autonomous County, Yunnan has 53.55% Han Chinese population and Dachang Hui Autonomous County, Hebei has 82.38% Han Chinese population. ^ "Major Figures on Residents from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and Foreigners Covered by 2010 Population Census". Stats.gov.cn. Archived from the original on 14 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2013. ^ "在国内的外国人中，哪个国家的人最多？_越南_缅甸_日本". www.sohu.com. Retrieved 8 May 2023.[permanent dead link] ^ a b c d e f g h i Data from the Chinese Spiritual Life Survey (CSLS) 2010 for Chinese ancestorists, and from the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2009 for Christians. Reported in Wang, Xiuhua (2015). "Explaining Christianity in China: Why a Foreign Religion has Taken Root in Unfertile Ground" (PDF). Baylor University. p. 15. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 September 2015. 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World Religious Cultures (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ Lai, Hongyi (2016). China's Governance Model: Flexibility and Durability of Pragmatic Authoritarianism. Routledge. ISBN 978-1317859529. p. 167. ^ "Internazional Religious Freedom Report 2012" (PDF). US Government. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 March 2017. Retrieved 23 May 2019. p. 20, quoting: "Most ethnic Tibetans practice Tibetan Buddhism, although a sizeable minority practices Bon, an indigenous religion, and very small minorities practice Islam, Catholicism, or Protestantism. Some scholars estimate that there are as many as 400,000 Bon followers across the Tibetan Plateau. Scholars also estimate that there are up to 5,000 ethnic Tibetan Muslims and 700 ethnic Tibetan Catholics in the TAR". ^ Wu, Jiayu; Fang, Yong (January 2016). "Study on the Protection of the Lama Temple Heritage in Inner Mongolia as a Cultural Landscape". Journal of Asian Architecture and Building Engineering. 15 (1): 9–16. doi:10.3130/jaabe.15.9. Note that the article, in an evident mistranslation from Chinese, reports 30 million Tibetan Buddhists in Inner Mongolia instead of 3 million. ^ 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Data reported in Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina; Strait, Did (2012). "People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. II (3): 29–54. ISSN 2192-9289. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017. ^ a b For China Family Panel Studies 2014 survey results see release #1 Archived 27 April 2017 at the Wayback Machine (archived) and release #2 Archived 25 February 2017 at the Wayback Machine(). The tables also contain the results of CFPS 2012 (sample 20,035) and Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) results for 2006, 2008 and 2010 (samples ~10.000/11,000). Also see, for comparison CFPS 2012 data in Lu 卢, Yunfeng 云峰 (2014). "卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据" [Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data] (PDF). World Religious Cultures (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2018. p. 13, reporting the results of the CGSS 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011, and their erage (fifth column of the first table). ^ a b Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina. "Statistics on Religions and Churches in the People's Republic of China – Update for the Year 2016" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. VII (2): 26–53. Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2017. ^ Wu, Jiang; Tong, Daoqin. "Spatial Analysis and GIS Modeling of Regional Religious Systems in China" (PDF). University of Arizona. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017. ^ Dubois (2005). ^ Heberer, Thomas; Jakobi, Sabine (2000). "Henan - The Model: From Hegemonism to Fragmentism. Portrait of the Political Culture of China's Most Populated Province" (PDF). Duisburg Working Papers on East Asian Studies. No. 32. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 13 June 2018. ^ Ownby (2008). ^ Payette (2016). ^ Lu 卢, Yunfeng 云峰 (2014). "卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据" [Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data] (PDF). World Religious Cultures (1): 13. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. Retrieved 13 June 2018. The report compares the data of the China Family Panel Studies 2012 with those of the Renmin University's Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) of the years 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011. ^ "Taoism in China" (Map). Taoism's incidence by province of China. Archived from the original on 27 April 2017. The map illustrates local religion led by Taoist specialists, forms and institutions. ^ Yao, Xinzhong (May 2007). "Religious Belief and Practice in Urban China 1995-2005". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 22 (2): 169–185. doi:10.1080/13537900701331031. S2CID 144500936. pp. 169-185. ^ 2010 Chinese Spiritual Life Survey, Purdue University's Center on Religion and Chinese Society. Data reported in Wenzel-Teuber, Katharina; Strait, Did (2012). "People's Republic of China: Religions and Churches Statistical Overview 2011" (PDF). Religions & Christianity in Today's China. 2 (3): 29–54. ISSN 2192-9289. Archived from the original (PDF) on 27 April 2017. ^ "Religion in China on the Eve of the 2008 Beijing Olympics". Religion and Public Life Project. Pew Research Center. 2008. ^ a b China Family Panel Studies 2012. Reported and compared with Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) 2006, 2008, 2010 and 2011 in Lu 卢, Yunfeng 云峰 (2014). "卢云峰：当代中国宗教状况报告——基于CFPS（2012）调查数据" [Report on Religions in Contemporary China – Based on CFPS (2012) Survey Data] (PDF). World Religious Cultures (1). Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2014. ^ Yu Tao (2012). "A Solo, a Duet, or an Ensemble? Analysing the Recent Development of Religious Communities in Contemporary Rural China". 4th International Forum for Contemporary Chinese Studies. ECRAN – Europe-China Research and Advice Network, University of Nottingham. ^ Sun, Shangyang; Li, Ding. "Chinese Traditional Culture Study Fever, Scarcity of Meaning and the Trend of University Students' Attitudes towards Religions: A Survey in Beijing". Journal of Sino-Western Studies (2011): 53–68. ^ Yang, Fenggang; Tamney, Joseph (2011). Confucianism and Spiritual Traditions in Modern China and Beyond. Brill. ISBN 978-9004212398.. p. 67. ^ "Labour migration". International Labour Organization. Archived from the original on 14 May 2021. Retrieved 20 October 2013. ^ Chan, Kam Wing; Peter Bellwood (2011). "China, Internal Migration" (PDF). In Immanuel Ness (ed.). The Encyclopedia of Global Migration. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 1–46. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016. 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Retrieved 15 November 2013. ^ Woetzel, Jonathan; Lenny Mendonca; Janamitra Devan; Stefano Negri; Yangmei Hu; Luke Jordan; Xiujun Li; Alexander Maasry; Geoff Tsen; Flora Yu (March 2009), Preparing for China's urban billion, McKinsey Global Institute, archived from the original on 5 October 2015, retrieved 21 September 2015 ^ Wang, Feng; Xuejin Zuo (May 1999). "Inside China's Cities: Institutional Barriers and Opportunities for Urban Migrants". The American Economic Review. 89 (2): 276–280. doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.276. JSTOR 117120. ^ Griffiths, Michael. B. (2010) 'Lamb Buddha's Migrant Workers: Self-assertion on China's Urban Fringe'. Journal of Current Chinese Affairs (China Aktuell), 39, 2, 3–37. ^ Goodkind, Daniel. "The Chinese Diaspora: Historical Legacies and Contemporary Trends" (PDF). U.S. Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2020. Retrieved 31 August 2021. 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