Introduction
The Union Ministry of Law and Justice withdrew the Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2025, following strong opposition from the legal community.
The Bill sought to amend the Advocates Act, 1961, which governs the legal profession in India.
However, lawyers and the Bar Council of India (BCI) raised concerns that the amendments would undermine the independence of legal institutions, restrict protests, and give excessive power to the government.
In response to nationwide strikes and legal representations, the government decided to withdraw the Bill and reconsider the proposed changes.
Key Provisions and Controversies
Government Influence Over the Bar Council of India (BCI)
The Bill proposed allowing the central government to nominate up to three members to the BCI.
Currently, the BCI is an independent body that regulates the legal profession in India.
Critics argued that government-appointed members could compromise the council’s autonomy and lead to political interference in legal matters.
Additionally, the proposed Section 49B would he empowered the central government to issue directions to the BCI, effectively giving it control over key decisions.
The BCI strongly opposed this provision, stating that it would erode the self-regulatory nature of the legal profession.
Restrictions on Lawyers’ Right to Protest
One of the most contentious provisions was Section 35A, which aimed to ban strikes and boycotts by lawyers.
It stated that any form of abstention from work, or obstruction in court functioning, would be considered misconduct, punishable under the Advocates Act.
Lawyers strongly opposed this provision, arguing that the right to protest is fundamental in a democracy.
They highlighted past cases where lawyers used strikes to oppose unjust laws and administrative issues. Critics pointed out that while excessive strikes could delay justice, an outright ban would be unjustified.
Entry of Foreign Law Firms and Lawyers
The Bill sought to empower the central government to regulate the entry of foreign law firms and lawyers into India.
The Supreme Court had earlier ruled in Bar Council of India v. A.K. Balaji (2018)that foreign lawyers could offer legal advice on a temporary basis but could not practice law in India.
In 2023, the BCI introduced rules allowing foreign law firms to operate in areas such as international arbitration, but they remained barred from court litigation.
The Bill would he transferred this regulatory power from the BCI to the government, raising concerns about its impact on Indian lawyers.
Expanded Definition of ‘Legal Practitioner’
The Bill proposed broadening the definition of ‘legal practitioner’ to include corporate lawyers and lawyers associated with foreign law firms.
Traditionally, this definition only included practicing advocates, pleaders, and revenue agents. The BCI opposed this move, arguing that it would dilute professional standards and create legal ambiguities.
New Misconduct Provisions and Penalties
The Bill introduced additional provisions on lawyer misconduct, including:
Allowing clients to file misconduct complaints against lawyers if they faced financial loss due to legal proceedings.
Imposing monetary fines of up to ₹3 lakh on advocates found guilty of misconduct.
Allowing state bar councils to impose fines of ₹50,000 on clients who file frivolous complaints.
Lawyers argued that holding them financially liable for client losses was unfair, as legal outcomes depend on judicial decisions, not just advocacy.
Reasons for the Withdrawal of the Bill
Strong Opposition from the Legal Community – The BCI, state bar councils, and legal associations across the country opposed the Bill, calling it an attack on professional independence.
Nationwide Strikes and Court Boycotts – Lawyers staged protests in various states, leading to disruptions in judicial proceedings.
Concerns Over Constitutional Rights – Many legal experts argued that provisions restricting strikes and protests violated fundamental rights under Article 19 of the Constitution (freedom of speech and expression).
Bar Council of India’s Direct Intervention – The BCI wrote to the government, warning that the Bill would dismantle the independence of legal institutions.
Future Prospects and The Way Forward
While the Bill has been withdrawn, the government has stated that it will introduce a revised draft after consultations with stakeholders. Key areas for reconsideration include:
Ensuring the BCI remains independent and self-regulated.
Balancing the right to protest with judicial efficiency.
Revisiting foreign law firm regulations in consultation with legal bodies.
Refining the definition of legal practitioners to oid ambiguity.
Legal experts suggest that future amendments should focus on improving legal education, streamlining disciplinary mechanisms, and enhancing access to justice while maintaining the autonomy of the legal profession.
Conclusion
The withdrawal of the Advocates (Amendment) Bill highlights the importance of protecting the independence of the legal profession.
While legal reforms are necessary, they must be framed in consultation with legal stakeholders to ensure they strengthen, rather than weaken, the judiciary.
The government’s decision to reconsider the Bill reflects a recognition of these concerns. Future discussions must aim for a balanced approach that upholds legal ethics while promoting judicial efficiency.
Contentious Amendments to the Advocates Act FAQs
Q1. Why was the Advocates (Amendment) Bill, 2025 withdrawn?
Ans. The Bill was withdrawn due to strong opposition from lawyers, concerns over government interference, and the proposed restrictions on legal protests.
Q2. How would the Bill he impacted the Bar Council of India (BCI)?
Ans. It would he allowed the government to nominate members and issue directions to the BCI, reducing its autonomy.
Q3. What were the objections regarding the ban on lawyer strikes?
Ans. Lawyers argued that banning strikes violated their constitutional right to protest and could silence dissent in the legal profession.
Q4. What changes did the Bill propose regarding foreign law firms?
Ans. The Bill sought to transfer regulatory power from the BCI to the central government, raising concerns about control over foreign legal practitioners in India.
Q5. What is the next step after the withdrawal of the Bill?
Ans. The government has stated that it will introduce a revised version after consulting stakeholders, ensuring that legal reforms address concerns raised by the legal community. Source: TH | IE
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