Pig Domestic pigs Conservation status Domesticated Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Suidae Genus: Sus Species: S. domesticus Binomial name Sus domesticusErxleben, 1777 Synonyms[1] Sus domestica Sus scrofa domesticus Linnaeus, 1758
The pig (Sus domesticus), also called swine (pl.: swine) or hog, is an omnivorous, domesticated, even-toed, hoofed mammal. It is named the domestic pig when distinguishing it from other members of the genus Sus. Some authorities consider it a subspecies of Sus scrofa (the wild boar or Eurasian boar); other authorities consider it a distinct species. Pigs were domesticated in the Neolithic, both in China and in the Near East (around the Tigris Basin). When domesticated pigs arrived in Europe, they extensively interbred with wild boar but retained their domesticated features.
Pigs are farmed primarily for meat, called pork. The animal's skin or hide is used for leather. China is the world's largest pork producer, followed by the European Union and then the United States. Around 1.5 billion pigs are raised each year, producing some 120 million tonnes of meat, often cured as bacon. Some are kept as pets.
Pigs he featured in human culture since Neolithic times, appearing in art and literature for children and adults, and celebrated in cities such as Bologna for their meat products.
DescriptionThe pig has a large head, with a long snout strengthened by a special prenasal bone and a disk of cartilage at the tip.[2] The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is an acute sense organ. The dental formula of adult pigs is 3.1.4.33.1.4.3, giving a total of 44 teeth. The rear teeth are adapted for crushing. In males, the canine teeth can form tusks, which grow continuously and are sharpened by grinding against each other.[2] There are four hoofed toes on each foot; the two larger central toes bear most of the weight, while the outer two are also used in soft ground.[3] Most pigs he rather sparsely bristled hair on their skin, though there are some woolly-coated breeds such as the Mangalitsa.[4] Adult pigs generally weigh between 140 and 300 kg (310 and 660 lb), though some breeds can exceed this range. Exceptionally, a pig called Big Bill weighed 1,157 kg (2,551 lb) and had a shoulder height of 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in).[5]
Pigs possess both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, although the latter are limited to the snout.[6] Pigs, like other "hairless" mammals such as elephants, do not use thermal sweat glands in cooling.[7] Pigs are less able than many other mammals to dissipate heat from wet mucous membranes in the mouth by panting. Their thermoneutral zone is 16–22 °C (61–72 °F).[8] At higher temperatures, pigs lose heat by wallowing in mud or water via evaporative cooling, although it has been suggested that wallowing may serve other functions, such as protection from sunburn, ecto-parasite control, and scent-marking.[9] Pigs are among four mammalian species with mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom. Mongooses, honey badgers, hedgehogs, and pigs all he different modifications to the receptor pocket which prevents α-neurotoxin from binding.[10] Pigs he small lungs for their body size, and are thus more susceptible than other domesticated animals to fatal bronchitis and pneumonia.[11] The genome of the pig has been sequenced; it contains about 22,342 protein-coding genes.[12][13][14]
Skeleton Skull Bones of the foot Evolution PhylogenyDomestic pigs are related to other pig species as shown in the cladogram, based on phylogenetic analysis using mitochondrial DNA.[15]
SuidaeBabirusa
IndonesiaRed river hog
Warthogs
AfricaVisayan warty pig
Philippine warty pig
Bornean bearded pig
Jan warty pig
Wild boarDomestic pig
East Asian pigs
European pigs
Eurasia Southeast Asia TaxonomyThe pig is most often considered to be a subspecies of the wild boar, which was given the name Sus scrofa by Carl Linnaeus in 1758; following from this, the formal name of the pig is Sus scrofa domesticus.[16][17] However, in 1777, Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben classified the pig as a separate species from the wild boar. He ge it the name Sus domesticus, still used by some taxonomists.[18] The American Society of Mammalogists considers it a separate species.[19]
History Domestication in the Neolithic Further information: Domestication The initial emergence of wild pigs, followed by the genetic divergence between boars and pigs and the domestication of pigs [20]Archaeological evidence shows that pigs were domesticated from wild boar in the Near East in or around the Tigris Basin,[21] being managed in a semi-wild state much as they are managed by some modern New Guineans.[22] There were pigs in Cyprus more than 11,400 years ago, introduced from the mainland, implying domestication in the adjacent mainland by then.[23] Pigs were separately domesticated in China, starting some 8,000 years ago.[24][25] In the Near East, pig husbandry spread for the next few millennia. It reduced gradually during the Bronze Age, as rural populations instead focused on commodity-producing livestock, but it was sustained in cities.[26]
Domestication did not involve reproductive isolation with population bottlenecks. Western Asian pigs were introduced into Europe, where they crossed with wild boar. There appears to he been interbreeding with a now extinct ghost population of wild pigs during the Pleistocene. The genomes of domestic pigs show strong selection for genes affecting behior and morphology. Human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars and created domestication islands in the genome.[27][28] Pigs arrived in Europe from the Near East at least 8,500 years ago. Over the next 3,000 years they interbred with European wild boar until their genome showed less than 5% Near Eastern ancestry, yet retained their domesticated features.[29]
DNA evidence from subfossil remains of teeth and jawbones of Neolithic pigs shows that the first domestic pigs in Europe were brought from the Near East. This stimulated the domestication of local European wild boar, resulting in a third domestication event with the Near Eastern genes dying out in European pig stock. More recently there he been complex exchanges, with European domesticated lines being exported, in turn, to the ancient Near East.[30][31] Historical records indicate that Asian pigs were again introduced into Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.[25]
In the Americas Columbian ExchangeAmong the animals that the Spanish introduced to the Chiloé Archipelago in the 16th century Columbian Exchange, pigs were the most successful in adapting to local conditions. The pigs benefited from abundant shellfish and algae exposed by the large tides of the archipelago.[32] Pigs were brought to southeastern North America from Europe by de Soto and other early Spanish explorers. Escaped pigs became feral.[33]
Feral pigs Main article: Feral pig A family of feral pigsPigs he escaped from farms and gone feral in many parts of the world. Feral pigs in the southeastern United States he migrated north to the Midwest, where many state agencies he programs to remove them.[34][35][36] Feral pigs in New Zealand and northern Queensland he caused substantial environmental damage.[37][38] Feral hybrids of the European wild boar with the domestic pig are disruptive to both environment and agriculture, as they destroy crops, spread animal diseases including foot-and-mouth disease, and consume wildlife such as juvenile seabirds and young tortoises.[39] Feral pig damage is especially an issue in southeastern South America.[40][41]
Reproduction Physiology Reproductive system of the boarReproductive system of the sowFemale pigs reach sexual maturity at 3–12 months of age and come into estrus every 18–24 days if they are not successfully bred. The variation in ovulation rate can be attributed to intrinsic factors such as age and genotype, as well as extrinsic factors like nutrition, environment, and the supplementation of exogenous hormones. The gestation period erages 112–120 days.[42]
Piglets keeping warm togetherEstrus lasts two to three days, and the female's displayed receptiveness to mate is known as standing heat. Standing heat is a reflexive response that is stimulated when the female is in contact with the saliva of a sexually mature boar. Androstenol is one of the pheromones produced in the submaxillary salivary glands of boars that trigger the female's response.[43] The female cervix contains a series of five interdigitating pads, or folds, that hold the boar's corkscrew-shaped penis during copulation.[44] Females he bicornuate uteruses and two conceptuses must be present in both uterine horns to enable pregnancy to proceed.[45] The mother's body recognises that it is pregnant on days 11 to 12 of pregnancy, and is marked by the corpus luteum's producing the sex hormone progesterone.[46] To sustain the pregnancy, the embryo signals to the corpus luteum with the hormones estradiol and prostaglandin E2.[47] This signaling acts on both the endometrium and luteal tissue to prevent the regression of the corpus luteum by activation of genes that are responsible for corpus luteum maintenance.[48] During mid to late pregnancy, the corpus luteum relies primarily on luteinizing hormone for maintenance until birth.[47]
Archeological evidence indicates that medieval European pigs farrowed, or bore a litter of piglets, once per year.[49] By the nineteenth century, European piglets routinely double-farrowed, or bore two litters of piglets per year. It is unclear when this shift occurred.[50] Pigs he a maximum life span of about 27 years.[51]
Nest-buildingA characteristic of pigs which they share with carnivores is nest-building. Sows root in the ground to create depressions the size of their body, and then build nest mounds, using twigs and lees, softer in the middle, in which to give birth. When the mound reaches the desired height, she places large branches, up to 2 metres in length, on the surface. She enters the mound and roots around to create a depression within the gathered material. She then gives birth in a lying position, unlike other artiodactyls which usually stand while birthing.[52]
Nest-building occurs during the last 24 hours before the onset of farrowing, and becomes most intense 12 to 6 hours before farrowing.[53] The sow separates from the group and seeks a suitable nest site with well-drained soil and shelter from rain and wind. This provides the offspring with shelter, comfort, and thermoregulation. The nest provides protection against weather and predators, while keeping the piglets close to the sow and away from the rest of the herd. This ensures they do not get trampled on, and prevents other piglets from stealing milk from the sow.[54] The onset of nest-building is triggered by a rise in prolactin level, caused by a decrease in progesterone and an increase in prostaglandin; the gathering of nest material seems to be regulated more by external stimuli such as temperature.[53]
Nursing and sucklingPigs he complex nursing and suckling behiour.[55] Nursing occurs every 50–60 minutes, and the sow requires stimulation from piglets before milk let-down. Sensory inputs (vocalisation, odours from mammary and birth fluids, and hair patterns of the sow) are particularly important immediately post-birth to facilitate teat location by the piglets.[56] Initially, the piglets compete for position at the udder; then the piglets massage around their respective teats with their snouts, during which time the sow grunts at slow, regular intervals. Each series of grunts varies in frequency, tone and magnitude, indicating the stages of nursing to the piglets.[57]
The phase of competition for teats and of nosing the udder lasts for about a minute, ending when milk begins to flow. The piglets then hold the teats in their mouths and suck with slow mouth movements (one per second), and the rate of the sow's grunting increases for approximately 20 seconds. The grunt peak in the third phase of suckling does not coincide with milk ejection, but rather the release of oxytocin from the pituitary into the bloodstream.[58] Phase four coincides with the period of main milk flow (10–20 seconds) when the piglets suddenly withdraw slightly from the udder and start sucking with rapid mouth movements of about three per second. The sow grunts rapidly, lower in tone and often in quick runs of three or four, during this phase. Finally, the flow stops and so does the grunting of the sow. The piglets may dart from teat to teat and recommence suckling with slow movements, or nosing the udder. Piglets massage and suckle the sow's teats after milk flow ceases as a way of letting the sow know their nutritional status. This helps her to regulate the amount of milk released from that teat in future sucklings. The more intense the post-feed massaging of a teat, the more milk that teat later releases.[59]
Sows typically he 12–14 nipples. A sow with suckling piglets Teat orderIn pigs, dominance hierarchies are formed at an early age. Piglets are precocious, and attempt to suckle soon after being born. The piglets are born with sharp teeth and fight for the anterior teats, as these produce more milk. Once established, this teat order remains stable; each piglet tends to feed on a particular teat or group of teats.[52] Stimulation of the anterior teats appears to be important in causing milk letdown,[60] so it might be advantageous to the entire litter to he these teats occupied by healthy piglets. Piglets locate teats by sight and then by olfaction.[61]
Behiour Social American Yorkshire pigs in a wallowPig behiour is intermediate between that of other artiodactyls and of carnivores.[52] Pigs seek out the company of other pigs and often huddle to maintain physical contact, but they do not naturally form large herds. They live in groups of about 8–10 adult sows, some young individuals, and some single males.[53] Pigs confined in a simplified, crowded, or uncomfortable environment may resort to tail-biting; farmers sometimes dock the tails of pigs to prevent the problem, or may enrich the environment with toys or other objects to reduce the risk.[62][63]
Temperature controlBecause of their relative lack of sweat glands, pigs often control their body temperature using behioural thermoregulation. Wallowing, coating the body with mud, is a common behiour.[9] They do not submerge completely under the mud, but vary the depth and duration of wallowing depending on environmental conditions.[9] Adult pigs start wallowing once the ambient temperature is around 17–21 °C (63–70 °F). They cover themselves in mud from head to tail.[9] They may use mud as a sunscreen, or to keep parasites away.[9] Most bristled pigs "blow their coat", meaning that they shed most of the longer, coarser stiff hair once a year, usually in spring or early summer, to prepare for the warmer months ahead.[64]
Eating, feeding, sleeping Pigs around a rotary feederWhere pigs are allowed to roam freely, they walk roughly 4 km daily, scenging within a home range of around a hectare. Farmers in Africa often choose such a low-input, free-range production system.[65]
If conditions permit, pigs feed continuously for many hours and then sleep for many hours, in contrast to ruminants, which tend to feed for a short time and then sleep for a short time. Pigs are omnivorous and versatile in their feeding behiour. They primarily eat lees, stems, roots, fruits, and flowers.[66]
Rooting is an instinctual comforting behiour in pigs characterized by nudging the snout into something. It first happens when piglets are born to obtain their mother's milk, and can become a habitual, obsessive behiour, most prominent in animals weaned too early. Pigs root and dig into the ground to forage for food. Rooting is also a means of communication.[67]
Intelligence A pig using a specifically designed joystick[68]Pigs are relatively intelligent animals, roughly on par with dogs. They distinguish each other as individuals, spend time in play, and form structured communities. They he good long-term memory and they experience emotions, changing their behiour in response to the emotional states of other pigs. In terms of experimental tasks, pigs can perform tasks that require them to identify the locations of objects; they can solve mazes; and they can work with a simple language of symbols. They display self-recognition in a mirror. Pigs he been trained to associate different sorts of music (Bach and a military march) with food and social isolation respectively, and could communicate the resulting positive or negative emotion to untrained pigs.[69][70] Pigs can be trained to use a joystick with their snout to select a target on screen.[68]
Senses A trained pig using its sensitive nose to assist the search for wild truffles in FrancePigs he panoramic vision of approximately 310° and binocular vision of 35° to 50°. It is thought they he no eye accommodation.[71] Other animals that he no accommodation, e.g. sheep, lift their heads to see distant objects.[72] The extent to which pigs he colour vision is still a source of some debate; however, the presence of cone cells in the retina with two distinct welength sensitivities (blue and green) suggests that at least some colour vision is present.[73]
Pigs he a well-developed sense of smell; this is exploited in Europe where trained pigs find underground truffles.[74] Pigs he 1,113 genes for smell receptors, compared to 1,094 in dogs; this may indicate an acute sense of smell, but against this, insects he only around 50 to 100 such genes but make extensive use of olfaction.[75] Olfactory rather than visual stimuli are used in the identification of other pigs.[76] Hearing is well developed; sounds are localised by moving the head. Pigs use auditory stimuli extensively for communication in all social activities.[77] Alarm or ersive stimuli are transmitted to other pigs not only by auditory cues but also by pheromones.[78] Similarly, recognition between the sow and her piglets is by olfactory and vocal cues.[79]
Pests and diseases Trichinella spiralis larvae in uncooked pig meatPigs are subject to many pests and diseases which can seriously affect productivity and cause death. These include parasites such as Ascaris roundworms, virus diseases such as the tick-borne African Swine Fever, bacterial infections such as Clostridium, arthritis caused by Mycoplasma, and stillbirths caused by Parvovirus.[80]
Some parasites of pigs are a public health risk as they can be transmitted to humans in undercooked pork. These are the pork tapeworm Taenia solium; a protozoan, Toxoplasma gondii; and a nematode, Trichinella spiralis. Transmission can be prevented by thorough sanitation on the farm; by meat inspection and careful commercial processing; and by thorough cooking, or alternatively by sufficient freezing and curing.[81]
In agriculture Further information: Pig farming § Terminology Production Main article: Pig farmingPigs he been raised outdoors, and sometimes allowed to forage in woods or pastures. In industrialized nations, pig production has largely switched to large-scale intensive pig farming. This has lowered production costs but has caused concern about possible cruelty. As consumers he become concerned with the humane treatment of livestock, demand for pasture-raised pork in these nations has increased.[82] Most pigs in the US receive ractopamine, a beta-agonist drug, which promotes muscle instead of fat and quicker weight gain, requiring less feed to reach finishing weight, and producing less manure. China has requested that pork exports be ractopamine-free.[83] With a population of around 1 billion individuals, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet.[84][85]
Like all animals, pigs are susceptible to adverse impacts from climate change, such as heat stress from increased annual temperatures and more intense heatwes. Heat stress has increased rapidly between 1981 and 2017 on pig farms in Europe. Installing a ground-coupled heat exchanger is an effective intervention.[86]
Indoor pig farm, Sweden, 1911 Sow in stall with separate piglet balcony to prevent crushing, Germany, 1959 Free range pigs with field shelters, England, 2006 FAO data for 2021 Pork is tied with chicken as the most commonly consumed meat worldwide. Pork production has grown substantially over the recent 60 years. Production of pork worldwide, by country in 2021. Breeds Main article: List of pig breedsAround 600 breeds of pig he been created by farmers around the world, mainly in Europe and Asia, differing in coloration, shape, and size.[87] According to The Livestock Conservancy, as of 2016, three breeds of pig are critically rare (hing a global population of fewer than 2000). They are the Choctaw hog, the Mulefoot, and the Ossabaw Island hog.[88] The smallest known pig breed in the world is the Göttingen minipig, typically weighing about 26 kilograms (57 lb) as a healthy, full-grown adult.[89]
As pets A mini pet pigGiven pigs are bred primarily as livestock and he not been bred as companion animals for very long, selective breeding for a placid or biddable temperament is not well established. Pigs he radically different psychology and behiours compared to dogs, and exhibit fight-or-flight instincts, an independent nature, and natural assertiveness.[90] Male and female swine that he not been de-sexed may express unwanted aggressive behior, and are prone to serious health issues.[91]
Economy Global pig stockin 2019Number in millions1. China (Mainland)310.4 (36.5%)2. European Union143.1 (16.83%)3. United States78.7 (9.26%)4. Brazil40.6 (4.77%)5. Russia23.7 (2.79%)6. Myanmar21.6 (2.54%)7. Vietnam19.6 (2.31%)8. Mexico18.4 (2.16%)9. Canada14.1 (1.66%)10. Philippines12.7 (1.49%)World total850.3Source: UN Food and Agriculture OrganizationApproximately 1.5 billion pigs are slaughtered each year for meat.[92]
The pork belly futures contract became an icon of commodities trading. It appears in depictions of the arena in popular entertainment, such as the 1983 film Trading Places.[93] Trade in pork bellies declined, and they were delisted from the Chicago Mercantile Exchange in 2011.[93][94]
In 2023, China produced more pork than any other country, 55 million tonnes, followed by the European Union with 22.8 million tonnes and the United States with 12.5 million tonnes. Global production in 2023 was 120 million tonnes.[95] India, despite its large population, consumed under 0.3 million tonnes of pork in 2023.[96] International trade in pork (meat not consumed in the producing country) reached 13 million tonnes in 2020.[97]
Uses ProductsPigs are farmed primarily for meat, called pork. Pork is eaten in the form of pork chops, loin or rib roasts, shoulder joints, steaks, and loin (also called fillet). The many meat products made from pork include ham, bacon (mainly from the back and belly), and sausages.[98] Pork is further made into charcuterie products such as terrines, galantines, pâtés and confits.[99] Some sausages such as salami are fermented and air-dried, to be eaten raw. There are many types, the original Italian varieties including Genovese, Milanese, and Cacciatorino, with spicier kinds from the South of Italy including Calabrese, Napoletano, and Peperone.[100]
The hide is made into pigskin leather, which is soft and durable; it can be brushed to form suede leather. These are used for products such as gloves, wallets, suede shoes, and leather jackets.[101] In the 16th century, pig skin was the most popular book-binding material in Germany, though calf skin was more common elsewhere.[102]
Pork chops Streaky or side bacon Salami, a fermented and air-dried sausage, originally made in Italy A 16th century book bound in pig skin A woman's suede gloves, England, c. 1820 In medicine The growth in publication of medical research papers using pigs and miniature pigs, and the research done on miniature pigs by organ system[103]Pigs, both as live animals and as a source of post-mortem tissues, are valuable animal models because of their biological, physiological, and anatomical similarities to human beings. For instance, human skin is very similar to the pigskin, therefore pigskin has been used in many preclinical studies.[104][105]
Pigs are good non-human candidates for organ donation to humans, and in 2021 became the first animal to successfully donate an organ to a human body.[106][107] The procedure used a donor pig genetically engineered not to he a specific carbohydrate that the human body considers a threat–Galactose-alpha-1,3-galactose.[108] Pigs are good for human donation as the risk of cross-species disease transmission is reduced by the considerable phylogenetic distance from humans.[109] They are readily ailable, and the danger of creating new human diseases is low as domesticated pigs he been in close contact with humans for thousands of years.[110]
Impact of pig husbandry On public health Further information: Zoonotic diseasePig farms can serve as reservoirs of viral diseases that are dangerous to humans and so contribute to their outbreaks in human populations.[111] The 2009 swine flu pandemic was caused by an influenza A variant which had first emerged in pigs.[112] Pigs were also essential to the first outbreak of the Nipah virus in 1999, with 93% of the infected humans hing had contact with pigs.[111] While Japanese encephalitis is primarily spread by mosquitoes, pigs are a known intermediary host.[113] There is also a potential for porcine coroniruses such as porcine epidemic diarrhea virus or swine acute diarrhea syndrome coronirus to spill over into human populations.[111]
On the environment Main article: Environmental impact of pig farming A typical waste lagoon in North CarolinaAs with the other forms of meat, producing pork is more energy-intensive than plant-based foods, and it is associated with more greenhouse gas emissions per calorie. However, emissions from pork are many times smaller than those of beef, veal and mutton, though larger than of chicken meat.[114]
Intensive pig production is also associated with water pollution concerns, as the swine waste is often stored above ground in so-called lagoons. These lagoons typically he high levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, and can contain toxic hey metals like zinc and copper, microbial pathogens, or hold elevated concentrations of pharmaceuticals from subtherapeutic antibiotic use in swine.[115] This wastewater from lagoons is liable to reach groundwater on farms, though there is little evidence for it reaching deeper into local drinking water supplies.[116] However, lagoon spills, such as from hey rains in the wake of a hurricane, can lead to fish kills and algal blooms in local rivers.[115] In the United States, 35,000 mi (56,000 km) of river across over 20 states were estimated to he been contaminated by manure leakage as of 2015.[117] There is also evidence that evaporation from lagoons can cause nitrogen and phosphorus to spread through the air as dry particles then reach other water basins when they fall out through dry deposition. This process then also contributes to water eutrophication.[115]
On animal welfare Further information: Cruelty to animals § Welfare concerns of farm animals, and Intensive pig farming Sows in gestation crates, United States, 2010Intensive pig production involves practices such as castration, earmarking, tattooing for litter identification, tail docking, which are often done without the use of anesthetic.[118][119] Painful teeth clipping of piglets is also done to curtail cannibalism, behioural instability and aggression, and tail biting, which are induced by the cramped environment.[120][121] In English indoor farming, young pigs (less than 110kg in weight) are allowed to be kept with less than one square meter of space per pig.[122]
Pigs often begin life in a farrowing or gestation crate, which is a small pen with a central cage, designed to allow the piglets to feed from their mother while preventing her from attacking or crushing them.[123] The crates are so small that the mother sows cannot turn around.[124][125] While wild piglets remain with their mothers for around 12 to 14 weeks, farmed piglets are weaned and removed from their mothers at between two and five weeks old.[126][127] Of the piglets born alive, 10% to 18% will not reach weaning age, instead succumbing to disease, starvation, dehydration, or accidental crushing by their mothers.[120][128] Unusually small runt piglets are typically killed immediately by staff through blunt trauma to the head.[129][130] Further, intensive farming involves sows giving birth to large litter sizes at an unnatural frequency, which increases the rate of stillborn piglets, and causes as many as 25%-50% of sows to die of prolapse.[131][132]
In culture Main article: Pigs in culturePigs, widespread in societies around the world since Neolithic times, he been used for many purposes in art, literature, and other expressions of human culture. In classical times, the Romans considered pork the finest of meats, enjoying sausages, and depicting them in their art.[133] Across Europe, pigs he been celebrated in carnivals since the Middle Ages,[134] becoming specially important in Medieval Germany in cities such as Nuremberg,[135] and in Early Modern Italy in cities such as Bologna.[136][137] Pigs, especially miniature breeds, are occasionally kept as pets.[138][139]
In literature, both for children[140] and adults, pig characters appear in allegories, comic stories, and serious novels.[134][141][142] In art, pigs he been represented in a wide range of media and styles from the earliest times in many cultures.[143] Pig names are used in idioms and animal epithets, often derogatory, since pigs he long been linked with dirtiness and greed,[144][145] while places such as Swindon are named for their association with swine.[146] The eating of pork is forbidden in Islam and Judaism,[147] but pigs are sacred in some other religions.[148][149]
Bronze pig sculpture, Zhou dynasty Two men sacrificing a pig to Demeter. Red-figure pot, Ancient Greece Painting of Saint Anthony with a pig in background by Piero di Cosimo c. 1480 Canzone Sopra La Porcellina ("Song Upon the Piglet") by Giulio Cesare Croce, Bologna, 1622 Pigling Bland setting out on his adventures Hams, pig's trotters, sausages, and mortadella in Bologna, 2019 References ^ Groves, Colin P. (1995). "On the nomenclature of domestic animals". Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature. 52 (2): 137–141. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.6749. Biodiversity Heritage Library ^ a b "Sus scrofa (wild boar)". Animal Diversity Web. ^ Lockhart, Kim. "American Wild Game / Feral Pigs / Hogs / Pigs / Wild Boar". gunnersden.com. Archived from the original on 23 August 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2012. ^ "Royal visit delights at the Three Counties Show". Malvern Gazette. 15 June 2007. Archived from the original on 21 May 2008. Retrieved 2 January 2008. ^ Bradford, Alina; Dutfield, Scott (5 October 2018). 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"Sustainability issues of US swine production." Journal of animal science 74.6 (1996): 1410-1417. online Key,Nigel "The Changing Economics of U.S. Hog Production" (USDA Economic Research Service 2007) online MacKenzie-Dale, Brittni. "Swine: the animal industrial complex, resistance through storytelling, and the question of the animal in novel form" (PhD dissertation, University of British Columbia, 2018). online Malcolmson, Robert, and Stephanos Mastoris. The English pig: A history (A&C Black, 1998), in UK. Mizelle, Brett. Pig (Reaktion Books, 2012) relation to humans, emphasis on in art and literature. online Voogt, Eric. "Pork, Pollution, and Pig Farming: The Truth About Corporate Hog Production in Kansas." Kansas Journal of Law & Public Policy 5 (1995): 219+ online, in USA. White, Sam. "From globalized pig breeds to capitalist pigs: a study in animal cultures and evolutionary history." Environmental history (2011). 16#1: 94-120 online Woods, Abigail. "Rethinking the history of modern agriculture: British pig production, c. 1910–65." Twentieth Century British History 23.2 (2012): 165-191. online Zering, Kelly. "Hog Farming, Past, Present, and Future: An Economist's View." Journal of Land Use and Environmental Law 34 (2018): 313+ online in USA vtePigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Species Sus domesticus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd Feedback As food Bacon Bondiola Capocollo Ham Lard Pork Chitterlings Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting Razorback Boar–pig hybrid In culture Freddy the Pig Flitch of bacon custom Floyd of Rosedale LuLu the Piggy Miss Piggy "Pigs in Space" Porky Pig Piglet "The Three Little Pigs" Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe: Pig in the City Bad Piggies Blandings Castle Empress of Blandings My Brother the Pig Charlotte's Web The Sheep-Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Butareba: The Story of a Man Turned into a Pig Fair, then Partly Piggy Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Kazoops! Nandarō Olivia (character) TV series Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Porco Rosso Spider-Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland "This Little Piggy" Toot & Puddle Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Hamilton Hocks Pig City Other List of individual pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus (politics) Category: Pigs vteAgriculture Outline History Index Occupations Agriculturist Agricultural Engineer Farmer Farm worker Herder General Agribusiness Agricultural cooperative Agricultural supplies Agricultural science Agricultural engineering Agricultural technology Precision Biotechnology Agroforestry Agronomy Animal husbandry Animal-free agriculture Cash crop Cellular agriculture Cultural methods Contract farming Extensive farming Farm Farmhouse Feed ratio Free range Horticulture Intensive farming animals pigs crops Mechanised agriculture Organic farming Paludiculture Permaculture Plantation Polyculture Rice-duck farming Rice-fish system Sustainable agriculture Sustainable food system Universities and colleges Urban agriculture History West Asia Ancient Egypt Ancient Greece Ancient Rome Austronesia Agricultural science Agricultural History Review Arab Agricultural Revolution Argentina Canada China Chile Columbian exchange Green Revolution Indian subcontinent Mesoamerica Middle Ages Neolithic Revolution Organic farming Palestine Peru United Kingdom British Agricultural Revolution Cheshire Scotland United States African-American California Farming Types Agrivoltaic Aquaculture Cattle Cannabis cultivation Dairy farming Desert farming Dryland farming Fur farming Goat farming Grazing Convertible husbandry Rotational grazing Transhumance Hydroponics Insect farming Livestock Pasture Mixed Monoculture Paddy field Pastoral Bocage Pig farming Poultry farming Ranch Rainfed agriculture Orchards Subsistence agriculture Sheep farming Terrace Wildlife farming Environmentalimpact Agricultural expansion Agricultural pollution Agricultural wastewater Overgrazing Environmental impact of irrigation Overdrafting Climate change and agriculture Multiple breadbasket failure Categories Agricultural machinery Agriculture by country Agriculture companies Biotechnology Cannabis cultivation History of agriculture Livestock Meat industry Poultry farming Agriculture and the environmentLists Agriculturist profession Agricultural machinery Food origins Government ministries Universities and colleges Category Portal Commons Wikiproject Authority control databases InternationalGNDNationalUnited StatesFranceBnF dataCzech RepublicLatviaIsraelOtherHistorical Dictionary of SwitzerlandYale LUX External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Sus domesticus. An introduction to pig keeping British Pig Association Swine Care Swine Study Guide from UC Dis vtePigs Kingdom Animalia Phylum Chordata Class Mammalia Order Artiodactyla Suborder Suina Family Suidae Subfamily Suinae Genus Sus Species Sus domesticus Domestic Breeding Shows Farming Intensive farming Sty Pannage Toilet Hog oiler Gestation crate Cross-fostering Swineherd Feedback As food Bacon Bondiola Capocollo Ham Lard Pork Chitterlings Scalder Slaughter Suckling Blood Religious restrictions Scottish pork taboo Cuts Back bacon Boston butt Fatback Ham hock Pig's trotters Pork belly Pork chop Pork jowl Loin Tenderloin Ribs Spare ribs Pork rind Pork steak Ear Tail Other uses Bladder Racing War Wrestling Truffling Wild and feral Wild boar Heraldry Hunting Razorback Boar–pig hybrid In culture Freddy the Pig Flitch of bacon custom Floyd of Rosedale LuLu the Piggy Miss Piggy "Pigs in Space" Porky Pig Piglet "The Three Little Pigs" Animal Farm Old Major Napoleon Snowball Squealer Babe Babe: Pig in the City Bad Piggies Blandings Castle Empress of Blandings My Brother the Pig Charlotte's Web The Sheep-Pig Peppa Pig Super Pig Butareba: The Story of a Man Turned into a Pig Fair, then Partly Piggy Jakers! The Adventures of Piggley Winks Kazoops! Nandarō Olivia (character) TV series Pink Floyd pigs Pinky and Perky Preston Pig Rasher Porco Rosso Spider-Ham Spider pig The Tale of Little Pig Robinson The Tale of Pigling Bland "This Little Piggy" Toot & Puddle Huxley Pig Wibbly Pig Zhu Bajie Hamilton Hocks Pig City Other List of individual pigs List of fictional pigs Piganino Pigasus (politics) Category: Pigs vteExtant Artiodactyla species Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Laurasiatheria Suborder RuminantiaAntilocapridaeAntilocapra Pronghorn (A. americana) GiraffidaeOkapia Okapi (O. johnstoni) Giraffa Northern giraffe (G. camelopardalis) Southern giraffe (G. giraffa) Reticulated giraffe (G. reticulata) Masai giraffe (G. tippelskirchi) MoschidaeMoschus Anhui musk deer (M. anhuiensis) Dwarf musk deer (M. berezovskii) Alpine musk deer (M. chrysogaster) Kashmir musk deer (M. cupreus) Black musk deer (M. fuscus) Himalayan musk deer (M. leucogaster) Siberian musk deer (M. moschiferus) TragulidaeHyemoschus Water chevrotain (H. aquaticus) Moschiola Indian spotted chevrotain (M. indica) Yellow-striped chevrotain (M. kathygre) Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (M. meminna) Tragulus Ja mouse-deer (T. janicus) Lesser mouse-deer (T. kanchil) Greater mouse-deer (T. napu) Philippine mouse-deer (T. nigricans) Vietnam mouse-deer (T. versicolor) Williamson's mouse-deer (T. williamsoni) CervidaeLarge family listed belowBovidaeLarge family listed belowFamily CervidaeCervinaeMuntiacus Bornean yellow muntjac (M. atherodes) Hairy-fronted muntjac (M. crinifrons) Fea's muntjac (M. feae) Gongshan muntjac (M. gongshanensis) Sumatran muntjac (M. montanus) Southern red muntjac (M. muntjak) Pu Hoat muntjac (M. puhoatensis) Leaf muntjac (M. putaoensis) Reeves's muntjac (M. reevesi) Roosevelt's muntjac (M. rooseveltorum) Truong Son muntjac (M. truongsonensis) Northern red muntjac (M. vaginalis) Giant muntjac (M. vuquangensis) Elaphodus Tufted deer (E. cephalophus) Dama European fallow deer (D. dama) Persian fallow deer (D. mesopotamica) Axis Chital (A. axis) Calamian deer (A. calamianensis) Bawean deer (A. kuhlii) Hog deer (A. porcinus) Rucervus Barasingha (R. duvaucelii) Eld's deer (R. eldii) Elaphurus Père Did's deer (E. didianus) Rusa Visayan spotted deer (R. alfredi) Philippine sambar (R. mariannus) Rusa deer (R. timorensis) Sambar (R. unicolor) Cervus Thorold's deer (C. albirostris) Red deer (C. elaphus) Elk (C. canadensis) Central Asian red deer (C. hanglu) Sika deer (C. nippon) CapreolinaeAlces Moose (A. alces) Hydropotes Water deer (H. inermis) Capreolus European roe deer (C. capreolus) Siberian roe deer (C. pygargus) Rangifer Reindeer (R. tarandus) Hippocamelus Taruca (H. antisensis) South Andean deer (H. bisulcus) Mazama Red brocket (M. americana) Small red brocket (M. bororo) Merida brocket (M. bricenii) Dwarf brocket (M. chunyi) Pygmy brocket (M. nana) Amazonian brown brocket (M. nemorivaga) Little red brocket (M. rufina) Central American red brocket (M. temama) Ozotoceros Pampas deer (O. bezoarticus) Blastocerus Marsh deer (B. dichotomus) Pudu Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles)? Southern pudu (P. pudu) Pudella Peruvian Yungas pudu (P. carlae) Northern pudu (P. mephistophiles) Odocoileus Mule deer (O. hemionus) Yucatan brown brocket (O. pandora) White-tailed deer (O. virginianus) Subulo Gray brocket (S. gouazoubira) Family BovidaeHippotraginaeHippotragus Roan antelope (H. equinus) Sable antelope (H. niger) Oryx East African oryx (O. beisa) Scimitar oryx (O. dammah) Gemsbok (O. gazella) Arabian oryx (O. leucoryx) Addax Addax (A. nasomaculatus) ReduncinaeKobus Waterbuck (K. ellipsiprymnus) Kob (K. kob) Lechwe (K. leche) Nile lechwe (K. megaceros) Puku (K. vardonii) Redunca Southern reedbuck (R. arundinum) Mountain reedbuck (R. fulvorufula) Bohor reedbuck (R. redunca) AepycerotinaeAepyceros Impala (A. melampus) PeleinaePelea Grey rhebok (P. capreolus) AlcelaphinaeBeatragus Hirola (B. hunteri) Damaliscus Common tsessebe (D. lunatus) Bontebok (D. pygargus) Alcelaphus Hartebeest (A. buselaphus) Connochaetes Black wildebeest (C. gnou) Blue wildebeest (C. taurinus) PantholopinaePantholops Tibetan antelope (P. hodgsonii) CaprinaeLarge subfamily listed belowBovinaeLarge subfamily listed belowAntilopinaeLarge subfamily listed belowFamily Bovidae (subfamily Caprinae)Ammotragus Barbary sheep (A. lervia) Arabitragus Arabian tahr (A. jayakari) Budorcas Takin (B. taxicolor) Capra Wild goat (C. aegagrus) West Caucasian tur (C. caucasia) East Caucasian tur (C. cylindricornis) Markhor (C. falconeri) Domestic goat (C. hircus) Alpine ibex (C. ibex) Nubian ibex (C. nubiana) Iberian ibex (C. pyrenaica) Siberian ibex (C. sibirica) Walia ibex (C. walie) Capricornis Japanese serow (C. crispus) Red serow (C. rubidus) Mainland serow (C. sumatraensis) Taiwan serow (C. swinhoei) Hemitragus Himalayan tahr (H. jemlahicus) Naemorhedus Red goral (N. baileyi) Long-tailed goral (N. caudatus) Himalayan goral (N. goral) Chinese goral (N. griseus) Oreamnos Mountain goat (O. americanus) Ovibos Muskox (O. moschatus) Nilgiritragus Nilgiri tahr (N. hylocrius) Ovis Argali (O. ammon) Domestic sheep (O. aries) Bighorn sheep (O. canadensis) Dall sheep (O. dalli) Mouflon (O. gmelini) Snow sheep (O. nivicola) Urial (O. vignei) Pseudois Bharal (P. nayaur) Rupicapra Pyrenean chamois (R. pyrenaica) Chamois (R. rupicapra) Family Bovidae (subfamily Bovinae)BoselaphiniTetracerus Four-horned antelope (T. quadricornis) Boselaphus Nilgai (B. tragocamelus) BoviniBubalus Wild water buffalo (B. arnee) Domestic water buffalo (B. bubalis) Lowland anoa (B. depressicornis) Tamaraw (B. mindorensis) Mountain anoa (B. quarlesi) Bos American bison (B. bison) European bison (B. bonasus) Bali cattle (B. domesticus) Gayal (B. frontalis) Gaur (B. gaurus) Domestic yak (B. grunniens) Zebu (B. indicus) Banteng (B. janicus) Wild yak (B. mutus) Cattle (B. taurus) Pseudoryx Saola (P. nghetinhensis) Syncerus African buffalo (S. caffer) TragelaphiniTragelaphus(including kudus) Nyala (T. angasii) Mountain nyala (T. buxtoni) Bongo (T. eurycerus) Lesser kudu (T. imberbis) Harnessed bushbuck (T. scriptus) Sitatunga (T. spekeii) Greater kudu (T. strepsiceros) Cape bushbuck (T. sylvaticus) Taurotragus Giant eland (T. derbianus) Common eland (T. oryx) Family Bovidae (subfamily Antilopinae)AntilopiniAmmodorcas Dibatag (A. clarkei) Antidorcas Springbok (A. marsupialis) Antilope Blackbuck (A. cervicapra) Eudorcas Mongalla gazelle (E. albonotata) Red-fronted gazelle (E. rufifrons) Thomson's gazelle (E. thomsonii) Heuglin's gazelle (E. tilonura) Gazella Arabian gazelle (G. arabica) Chinkara (G. bennettii) Cuvier's gazelle (G. cuvieri) Dorcas gazelle (G. dorcas) Mountain gazelle (G. gazella) Rhim gazelle (G. leptoceros) Speke's gazelle (G. spekei) Goitered gazelle (G. subgutturosa) Litocranius Gerenuk (L. walleri) Nanger Dama gazelle (N. dama) Grant's gazelle (N. granti) Bright's gazelle (N. notatus) Peter's gazelle (N. petersii) Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii) Procapra Mongolian gazelle (P. gutturosa) Goa (P. picticaudata) Przewalski's gazelle (P. przewalskii) SaiginiSaiga Saiga antelope (S. tatarica) NeotraginiDorcatragus Beira (D. megalotis) Madoqua Günther's dik-dik (M. guentheri) Kirk's dik-dik (M. kirkii) Silver dik-dik (M. piacentinii) Salt's dik-dik (M. saltiana) Neotragus Royal antelope (N. pygmaeus) Nesotragus Bates' pygmy antelope (N. batesi) Suni (N. moschatus) Oreotragus Klipspringer (O. oreotragus) Ourebia Oribi (O. ourebi) Raphicerus Steenbok (R. campestris) Cape grysbok (R. melanotis) Sharpe's grysbok (R. sharpei) CephalophiniCephalophus Aders's duiker (C. adersi) Brooke's duiker (C. brookei) Peters' duiker (C. callipygus) White-legged duiker (C. crusalbum) Bay duiker (C. dorsalis) Harvey's duiker (C. harveyi) Jentink's duiker (C. jentinki) White-bellied duiker (C. leucogaster) Red forest duiker (C. natalensis) Black duiker (C. niger) Black-fronted duiker (C. nigrifrons) Ogilby's duiker (C. ogilbyi) Ruwenzori duiker (C. rubidis) Red-flanked duiker (C. rufilatus) Yellow-backed duiker (C. silvicultor) Abbott's duiker (C. spadix) Weyns's duiker (C. weynsi) Zebra duiker (C. zebra) Philantomba Blue duiker (P. monticola) Maxwell's duiker (P. maxwellii) Walter's duiker (P. walteri) Sylvicapra Common duiker (S. grimmia) Suborder SuinaSuidaeBabyrousa Buru babirusa (B. babyrussa) North Sulawesi babirusa (B. celebensis) Togian babirusa (B. togeanensis) Hylochoerus Giant forest hog (H. meinertzhageni) Phacochoerus Desert warthog (P. aethiopicus) Common warthog (P. africanus) Porcula Pygmy hog (P. salvania) Potamochoerus Bushpig (P. larvatus) Red river hog (P. porcus) Sus Palawan bearded pig (S. ahoenobarbus) Bornean bearded pig (S. barbatus) Visayan warty pig (S. cebifrons) Celebes warty pig (S. celebensis) Domestic pig (S. domesticus) Flores warty pig (S. heureni) Oliver's warty pig (S. oliveri) Philippine warty pig (S. philippensis) Wild boar (S. scrofa) Timor warty pig (S. timoriensis) Jan warty pig (S. verrucosus) TayassuidaeTayassu White-lipped peccary (T. pecari) Catagonus Chacoan peccary (C. wagneri) Dicotyles Collared peccary (D. tajacu) Suborder TylopodaCamelidaeLama Llama (L. glama) Guanaco (L. guanicoe) Alpaca (L. pacos) Vicuña (L. vicugna) Camelus Domestic Bactrian camel (C. bactrianus) Dromedary/Arabian camel (C. dromedarius) Wild Bactrian camel (C. ferus) Suborder WhippomorphaHippopotamidaeHippopotamus Hippopotamus (H. amphibius) Choeropsis Pygmy hippopotamus (C. liberiensis) Cetacea see Cetacea vteDomestication of animalsVertebrates Alpaca Bactrian camel Bali cattle Cat Cattle Chicken Dog Donkey Dromedary Domestic duck Domestic Muscovy duck Ferret Fuegian dog Gayal Goat Guinea pig Horse Llama Fancy mouse Pig Poultry Domestic rabbit Reindeer Sheep Domesticated silver fox Domestic turkey Water buffalo Yak Zebu Invertebrates Honey bee Silkworm History Domestication of the cat cats in ancient Egypt Domestication of the dog Domestication of the goat Domestication of the Syrian hamster Domestication of the horse theories Domesticated animals of Austronesia Domestication of the sheep Related topics List of domesticated animals Selective breeding Self-domestication The Variation of Animals and Plants Under Domestication Genomics of domestication Taxon identifiersSus scrofa domesticus Wikidata: Q787 Wikispecies: Sus scrofa domesticus GBIF: 9104700 iNaturalist: 324492 ITIS: 898917 NCBI: 9825 NZOR: 9b450d33-f5e7-48ba-af94-776f8764bf95 Open Tree of Life: 730013 TSA: 17082 Sus scrofa scrofa Wikidata: Q15896091 Wikispecies: Sus scrofa scrofa CoL: 5LCHW EoL: 4445644 Fauna Europaea (new): a01e4424-2566-4dc0-b819-ddd77a29ca36 GBIF: 7261469 iNaturalist: 536303 ITIS: 898310 MSW: 14200055 NCBI: 415978 Open Tree of Life: 513900 Authority control databases InternationalGNDNationalUnited StatesFranceBnF dataCzech RepublicLatviaIsraelOtherHistorical Dictionary of SwitzerlandYale LUX