明基e320投影仪评价 Singapore Botanic Gardens

Tropical garden

Singapore Botanic GardensKebun Bunga Singapura[1] (Malay)新加坡植物园 (Chinese)சிங்கப்பூர் தாவரவியல் பூங்கா (Tamil) Symphony LakeLocationTanglin, Central Region, SingaporeCoordinates1°18′54″N 103°48′58″E / 1.3151°N 103.8162°E / 1.3151; 103.8162Area82 hectares (202.63 acres)Created1859; 166 years ago (1859)Operated byNParksPublic transit access CC19  DT9  Botanic Gardens (Bukit Timah Gate) TE12  Napier (Tanglin Gate) UNESCO World Heritage SiteCriteriaCultural: ii, ivReference1483Inscription2015 (39th Session)Area49 haBuffer zone137 ha Part of a series on the History of Singapore Early history (pre-1819) Srivijaya 650–1377 Temasek, Long Ya Men,Ban Zu c.14th century Kingdom of Singapura 1299–1398 Majapahit 1398–1400 Malacca Sultanate 1400–1528 Johor Sultanate 1528–1819 British colonial era (1819–1942) Founding 1819–1826 Straits Settlements 1826–1867 Crown colony 1867–1942 Japanese Occupation (1942–1945) Fall of Singapore 1942 Sook Ching 1942 Double Tenth incident 1943 Post-war period (1945–1962)First Legislative Council 1948–1951Maria Hertogh riots 1950Second Legislative Council 1951–1955Anti-National Service Riots 1954 Internal self-government (1955–1963) Hock Lee bus riots 1955 Singapore Glass Factory strikes 1960 Pulau Senang prison riots 1963 Merger with Malaysia (1963–1965) Singaporean referendum 1962Operation Coldstore 1963Race riots in Singapore 1964MacDonald House bombing 1965 Republic of Singapore (1965–present)ASEAN Declaration (ASEAN) 19671969 race riots of Singapore 1969Laju incident 1974Operation Spectrum 1987Asian financial crisis 1997Embassies attack plot 2001H1N1 pandemic 2009–2010Bus drivers' strike 2012Little India riot 20132018 North Korea–United States Singapore Summit 2018COVID-19 pandemic 2020–2022 By topic Timeline Riots Military Singapore portalvte

The Singapore Botanic Gardens is a 166-year-old tropical garden located at the fringe of the Orchard Road shopping district in Singapore. It is one of three gardens, and the only tropical garden, to be honoured as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[2] The Botanic Gardens has been ranked Asia's top park attraction since 2013, by TripAdvisor Trellers' Choice Awards.[3] It was declared the inaugural Garden of the Year by the International Garden Tourism Awards in 2012.

The Botanic Gardens was founded at its present site in 1859 by the Agri-horticultural Society.[4] It played a pivotal role in the region's rubber trade boom in the early twentieth century when its first scientific director, Henry Nicholas Ridley, headed research into the plant's cultivation. By perfecting the technique of rubber extraction, which is still in use today, and promoting its economic value to planters in the region, rubber output expanded rapidly. At its height in the 1920s, the Malayan peninsula cornered half of the global latex production.

The National Orchid Garden, which is located within the main gardens, is at the forefront of orchid studies and a pioneer in the cultivation of hybrids, complementing the nation's status as a major exporter of cut orchids. Aided by the equatorial climate, it houses the largest orchid collection of 1,200 species and 2,000 hybrids.

Soon after the nation's independence, Singapore Botanic Gardens' expertise helped to transform the island into a tropical "Garden City", an image and moniker for which the nation is widely known. In 1981, the hybrid climbing orchid, Vanda Miss Joaquim, was chosen as the country's national flower. Singapore's "orchid diplomacy" honours visiting head of states, dignitaries, and celebrities by naming its finest hybrids after them; these are displayed at its popular VIP Orchid Gardens.[5][6]

The Gardens is open from 5 a.m. to 12 midnight daily and entry is free,[7] except for the National Orchid Garden.[8] More than 10,000 species of flora are spread over its 82 hectares (200 acres) area, which is stretched vertically; the longest distance between the northern and southern ends is 2.5 km (1.6 mi). The Botanic Gardens receives about 4.5 million visitors annually.

History[edit] Singapore Botanic Gardens logo, Cyrotostachys palm

The first "Botanical and Experimental Garden" in Singapore was established in 1822 on Government Hill by Sir Stamford Raffles, the founder of modern Singapore and a keen naturalist.[1] The Garden's main task was to evaluate cultivation crops which were of potential economic importance, including those yielding fruits, vegetables, spices and other raw materials. This first Garden closed in 1829.[9]

It was not until 30 years later that the present Singapore Botanic Gardens began in 1859, when the Singapore Agri-horticultural Society was granted 32 hectares of land in Tanglin by the colonial government, which had obtained it from the merchant Hoo Ah Kay, better known as Whampoa, in exchange for land at Boat Quay.

1859–1876[edit]

The new gardens started off functioning primarily as a “pleasure park” for the society's members. Lawrence Niven was hired as superintendent and landscape designer to turn what were essentially overgrown plantations and a tangle of virgin rainforest into a public park. He and his team worked on developing the Gardens to reflect the styles of the English Landscape Garden Movement.[4] This included a series of “interconnecting pathways and promenades, a levelled parade area for military bands to play music... and the establishment of ornamental planting”.[10] The layout of the Gardens as it is today is largely based on Niven's design. In 1866 the Gardens expanded in the Northwest direction by about 12 hectares. The excation of Swan Lake took place in 1866. In 1868, the Burkill Hall was completed. The Singapore Agri-horticultural Society ran out of funds, which led to the colonial government taking over the management of the gardens in 1874. In 1875, the Raffles Library Committee selected a horticulturist, Henry James Murton, to serve as the first Superintendent of Gardens, while a zoology expert, William Krohn, was hired as the superintendent of the Zoological Garden to build up a collection of animals within the gardens, establishing the first zoo in Singapore. By 1877, the developed parts of the gardens were dotted with enclosures housing a collection of about 150 animals.[11]

1877–1942[edit]

The first rubber seedlings came to the gardens from Kew Gardens in 1877.[12] A naturalist, Henry Nicholas Ridley, or Mad Ridley as he was known, became the director of the gardens in 1888 and spearheaded rubber cultivation. Successful in his experiments with rubber planting, Ridley convinced planters across Malaya to adopt his methods. The results were astounding; Malaya became the world's number one producer and exporter of natural rubber.[13]

In 1879, the Palm Valley was established on the site of the former Economic Garden. Nathaniel Cantley, who replaced Murton as the second Superintendent of Gardens in 1880, oversaw the building installation of Ridley Hall in 1882. Other installations included the Plant House, an arboretum in the former Economic Garden, and plant nurseries. Due to the high upkeep of the zoo at the gardens, in 1903, the colonial government decided to sell all the animals and birds and shut it down. More building installations at the garden included E.J.H Corner House in 1910 and Holttum Hall in 1921. This was also the period when Singapore's national flower, the orchid Hybrid Vanda Miss Joaquim, was founded, which was part of the achievement of the pioneering of orchid hybridisation by Professor Eric Holttum, director of the Gardens from 1925 to 1949. His techniques led to Singapore being one of the world's top centres of commercial orchid growing. Presently, it has the largest collection of tropical plant specimens.

Music was played at this gazebo, known as the Bandstand, in the Singapore Botanic Gardens in the 1930s 1942–1945[edit]

During the Japanese occupation of Singapore from 1942 to 1945, Hidezo Tanakadate (田中館秀三), a professor of geology from Tohoku Imperial University, learned of the possibility that the Gardens and Museum might be looted due to the occupation, and negotiated directly with general Tomoyuki Yamashita to gain control of the Singapore Botanic Gardens and the Raffles Museum. At the beginning of the occupation, he ensured that no looting occurred in the Gardens and the Museum. Both institutions continued to function as scientific institutions. Holttum and Edred John Henry Corner were interned in the Gardens and instructed to continue their horticultural work. The Japanese government and army were unwilling to fund the institutions, however, and Tanakadate had to pay for maintenance and staff salaries from his own pocket. The Gardens was also renamed as Shōnan Botanic Gardens (昭南植物園). Tanaka returned to Japan in July 1943, and Dr. Kwan Koriba [ja], a retired professor of botany from the Kyoto Imperial University and secretary-general of the Imperial Japanese Army's Malayan military administration department's general affairs department, was appointed director to the Gardens and Museum, posts he held until the end of the war.[14][15]

1945–1986[edit]

After the war ended, the Gardens was handed back to the control of the British in September 1945, and Koriba was made a prisoner of war. Corner negotiated for Koriba's release with the British command, citing his contributions to protecting the Gardens, but he chose to remain in custody alongside his countrymen until his release in January 1946.[16][17]

Murray Ross Henderson, curator of the Herbarium before the war, succeeded Holttum as director from 1949 to 1954. Eventually the Gardens played an important role during the "greening Singapore" campaign and Garden City campaign during the early independence years.

1986–present[edit]

The Singapore Botanic Gardens was put under the charge of the National Parks Board. The Gardens was revitalised with new and improved public amenities, research facilities and training facilities (1990–2005). Here, the focus is on Garden City Vision, Horticulture, Taxonomic + Biodiversity Research, Recreation and Education.

A "Tyersall extension" to the Gardens was announced in 2009. A total of 18 hectares of land was added in expanding the Gardens by almost four times its original size in 1859. Known as the Gardens' Learning Forest when it was fully completed in 2018, the extensions included a Forest Conservation Interpretive Centre and a Natural History Art Gallery, housed in colonial buildings more than a century old. The Learning Forest showcases the best of tropical trees that grow under local conditions and strengthen the Botanic Gardens' position as a premier institute for research, conservation and education. Visitors are able to appreciate this unique collection of trees and plants through various thematic walks within the Learning Forest featuring giant trees, trees with interesting forms and barks of various textures, a conservation collection of rare fruit and nut species and a bamboo garden.[18] Also included is a flood protection scheme for the main shopping district of Orchard Road and its surroundings and a water detention pond with capacity to hold excess storm-water of about 15 Olympic-size pools.[19]

Attractions[edit] Orchids in the National Orchid Garden

The garden is bordered by Holland Road and Napier Road to the south, Cluny Road to the east, Tyersall Avenue and Cluny Park Road to the west and Bukit Timah Road to the north. The linear distance between the northern and southern ends is around 2.5 km (1.6 mi). There are a number of entrances at different zones of the gardens, though the Tanglin Gate facing Holland Road in the south is the grand entrance.

National Orchid Garden[edit] Phalaenopsis philippinensis orchid growing in a mist house

The National Orchid Garden is the main attraction within the Botanic Gardens. Located on the mid-western side of the Garden, the hilly three-hectare site has a collection of more than 1,000 species and 2,000 hybrids of orchids.

There are a number of attractions within the Orchid Garden, including the following -

Burkill Hall: Burkill Hall is a colonial plantation bungalow built in 1886. It used to be the director's house and was named in honour of the only father and son pair to hold the post of Director of Singapore Botanic Gardens, Isaac and Humphrey Burkill. The ground level serves as an exhibition area, showcasing information on the different hybrids named after VIPs who he visited the garden.

VIP Orchid Garden: located at the back of Burkill Hall, it displays hybrids of the most popular VIP orchids. Notable ones include Dendrobium Memoria Princess Diana, Dendrobium Margaret Thatcher, × Renantanda Akihito, Dendrobium Masako Kotaishi Hidenka, Dendrobium Elizabeth and Vanda Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. More than 100 celebrities, dignitaries, and visiting heads of states he been honoured by Singapore's orchid diplomacy program.

Orchidarium: A hen for serious orchids enthusiasts, the Orchidarium houses natural species in a tropical setting.

Tan Hoon Siang Misthouse: Tan Hoon Siang was a descendant of Tan Tock Seng, who was a philanthropist and founder of the Tan Tock Seng Hospital. The misthouse contains a colourful collection of different hybrids. It also has a small collection of fragrant orchids like Vanda Mimi Palmer.

Lady Yuen-Peng McNeice Bromeliad House: Named in honour of its sponsor, the Bromeliad House showcases plants from the family Bromeliaceae, which includes the pineapple. The unique collection of bromeliads on display was acquired from Shelldance Nursery in the United States in 1994.

Coolhouse: The Coolhouse tries to recreate the environment of a tropical highland forest and showcases orchids that are normally only found in the tropical highland areas.

Rainforest[edit]

The Singapore Botanic Gardens has a small tropical rainforest of around six hectares in size, which is older than the gardens itself. The rainforest and its bigger cousin at the Bukit Timah Nature Reserve are located within the Singapore's city limits. Singapore is one of the only two major cities with a tropical rainforest within its city limits, the other being Tijuca Forest in Rio de Janeiro.

Ginger Garden[edit] A waterfall in the Ginger Gardens

Located next to the National Orchid Garden, this one-hectare garden brings together members of the family Zingiberaceae. The garden houses a restaurant called the Halia Restaurant. There is also a drop-off point along Tyersall Avenue as well as a waterfall. The garden was officially opened in 2003 and it took over the spot vacated by the previous Orchid Enclosure.

Botany Centre and Tanglin Gate[edit] Singapore's first "green roof" at the Green Pilion

The two new blocks of offices and classroom in the upgraded Tanglin Core area are known as the Botany Centre. They house the:

Library of Botany and Horticulture (including the Public Reference Centre); the Singapore Herbarium (International acronym: Herb. SING), housing 750,000 specimens;[20] Orchid Breeding and Micropropagation; and education outreach and workshop classrooms. One of the newer attractions is the Saraca Stream in the Tanglin Core area

The corridors and walkways of the Botany Centre are covered by leaf imprints. There are also a number of wooden carvings scattered around the grounds and fern-covered vertical walls.

Water Flowing

The Green Pilion is the first "green roof" in Singapore. Weed and grass-like plants fully cover the pitched roof. It houses the visitor services desk as well as a café called Food For Thought in the basement.

The offices of former directors, namely Holttum Hall (after Eric Holttum, Director of the Gardens from 1925 to 1949) and Ridley Hall (after Henry Nicholas Ridley, first director of Gardens from 1888 to 1911) were preserved and now known as the Singapore Botanic Gardens' Heritage Museum and Ridley Hall (a function space).

Jacob Ballas Children's Garden[edit]

The Children's Garden was named after its main donor Jacob Ballas, a Jewish-Singaporean philanthropist who died in 2004.

Built at a cost of S$7 million (of which $99 million was donated by the Jacob Ballas Trust and sponsors), it is located at the quieter northern end of the Botanic Gardens. It has its own visitor centre with a café. It opened on Children's Day, 1 October 2007. The National Parks Board claims it is Asia's first children's garden. There are play areas like the Water Play area, a small playground, tree-houses with slides, and a maze. There are also interactive exhibits that teach how photosynthesis takes place, and a mini-garden that showcases how plants may be used to make dyes, beverages or as herbs.

At the Children's Garden Visitor Centre there is a sculpture by the Israeli artist Zodok Ben-Did. Named Mystree, it was commissioned by the Yad Vashem museum in 2010. From a distance, the sculpture looks like a tree but a closer inspection reveals 500 human figures.

Although it is considered part of the Botanic Gardens, the Children's Garden has its own entrance along Bukit Timah Road existing as a separate enclosure.

Other attractions[edit] The Sundial Garden

Tropical plants line the bank of the Saraca Stream as it meanders its way down a small hill. The main highlights of the stream walk are the Yellow Saraca trees (Saraca cauliflora) and Red Saraca (Saraca declinata). Other attractions include the Palm Valley, Bandstand area, Sun Garden and Sundial Garden.

SSO Concert at the Singapore Botanic Gardens Chopin monument, just south of Symphony Lake

The Botanic Gardens has three lakes, namely Symphony Lake, Eco-Lake and Swan Lake. The Shaw Foundation Symphony Stage on Symphony Lake occasionally has free concerts on weekends. Notable performers include the Singapore Symphony Orchestra and Singapore Chinese Orchestra. On 10 October 2008,[21] a statue of the composer Frédéric Chopin was unveiled just south of Symphony Lake.

The headquarters of the National Parks Board is located within the grounds of the Singapore Botanic Gardens. Eateries within the garden include the one-Michelin-starred Corner House,[22] a casual fine-dining restaurant in a colonial bungalow; Casa Verde, a café at the Visitor Centre; and Halia Restaurant, a restaurant at the Ginger Garden. There are also gift shops for visitors. Singapore's national agency in biodiversity-related issues, the National Biodiversity Centre, is also located within the grounds of the gardens.

UNESCO[edit] Replica of the ancient Lepidodendrons or giant clubmosses at the Evolution Garden

An official application for Singapore Botanic Gardens to be listed as a World Heritage Site was submitted to UNESCO in January 2014. The bid underlines the gardens' historical and cultural significance and its achievements in conservation and research. A 700-page nomination dossier was compiled and written up over one-and-a-half years, led by the National Heritage Board's (NHB) preservation of sites and monuments division and the Botanic Gardens director, Dr Nigel Taylor, who was also involved in the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew's own UNESCO bid from 2000 to 2003.

As part of the process, the dossier had to seek the assessment of the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS), a separate professional association. On 16 May 2015, ICOMOS's panel of experts backed the inscription without reservation – the best recommendation possible, stating:[23]

the Gardens demonstrates the evolution of a British tropical colonial garden into a modern and world-class botanic garden, scientific institution and place of conservation and education.

On 4 July that year, in Bonn, the 39th session of the World Heritage Committee deliberated Singapore's submission, and all 21 members endorsed it.[24][25] Dr Taylor recalled the unanimous vote: [26]

It was extraordinary, one of the longest salutations I've heard ... and every single member of the committee had something important to say and some had a lot to say in four of the inscription.

Singapore Botanic Gardens is the first tropical, and only the third botanic gardens on the UNESCO World Heritage listing. The honour was widely noted as a fitting tribute to the nation's 50th year of independence.

Gallery[edit] The Tembusu tree (Cyrtophyllum fragrans), featured on the back of the Singaporean five-dollar bill, at Lawn E, Singapore Botanic Gardens Dendrobium Margaret Thatcher The Yuen-Peng McNeice Bromeliad Collection Dendrobium Bae Yong-joon, an orchid cultivar named after the South Korean actor Vanda Miss Joaquim, the national flower of Singapore Black swan in the Eco-Lake The Sun Garden (formerly known as the Sun Rockery) Flight of Swans sculpture installed in May 2006 at Swan Lake The Botany Centre Blocks, with a view of Calophyllum inophyllum and one of the wooden sculptures dotted around the complex. Orchids Ginger Girl on a Swing (1984), a bronze statue by British sculptor Sydney Harpley Burkill Hall The Frangipani Collection Tanglin Gate Visitor drop-off point See also[edit] Botanic Gardens MRT station Napier MRT station List of botanical gardens List of parks in Singapore List of World Heritage Sites in Singapore Tourism in Singapore References[edit] ^ a b Jamari Mohtar (27 November 1989). "Kebun Bunga, keunggulan yang banggakan Singapura". Berita Harian (in Malay). p. 6. ^ "Singapore Botanic Gardens clinches prestigious Unesco World Heritage site status", The Straits Times, 4 July 2015, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 5 July 2015 ^ "Botanic Gardens top park in Asia on Tripadvisor". The Straits Times. 20 June 2014. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2021. TripAdvisor Trellers' Choice Awards ^ a b Utteridge, Timothy Michael Arthur; Choo, Thereis (15 August 2025). "A brief history of Singapore Botanic Gardens". Curtis's Botanical Magazine. doi:10.1111/CURT.70016. ^ "Urban Hen". The Straits Times. 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2015. ^ "Orchid diplomacy". Tabla. 11 November 2011. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2015. ^ "Singapore Botanic Gardens | Homepage". www.nparks.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 18 April 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022. ^ "National Orchid Garden". www.nparks.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 19 April 2022. ^ "Singapore First Botanical Gardens". The Singapore Free Press and Mercantile Advertiser (1884–1942). 19 January 1914. p. 1. Archived from the original on 20 April 2016. Retrieved 6 April 2016. ^ Chris Blandford Associates. (January 2014). Singapore Botanic Gardens – Candidate World Heritage Site Nomination Dossier. ^ "All Creatures Great and Small: Singapore's First Zoos". biblioasia.nlb.gov.sg. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 26 May 2022. ^ "Singapore Botanical Gardens – UNESCO World Heritage Centre". UNESCO. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 21 December 2015. ^ Cornelius-Takahama, Vernon (29 March 2001), Sir Henry Nicholas Ridley, Singapore: National Library Board Singapore ^ "シンガポール植物園を守った日本人". washimo-web.jp. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 6 May 2020. ^ 戸川幸夫『昭南島物語』下（讀賣新聞社、1990年） ^ "シンガポール植物園を守った日本人". washimo-web.jp. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 6 May 2020. ^ 戸川幸夫『昭南島物語』下、p.288（讀賣新聞社、1990年） ^ "The Sunday Times – Botanic Gardens to keep on growing". Government of Singapore. Archived from the original on 25 November 2015. Retrieved 25 November 2015. ^ "wildsingapore news: Work to start on extension to Botanic Gardens". wildsingaporenews.blogspot.sg. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 8 August 2015. ^ "Singapore Botanic Gardens Herbarium". www.sbg.org.sg. Archived from the original on 10 March 2018. Retrieved 10 March 2018. ^ The Unveiling Ceremony of a Monument to Frederic Chopin & Inaugural Concert by NAFA Orchestra, The Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Singapore, 5 October 2008, archived from the original on 26 June 2010, retrieved 4 June 2010 ^ "Singapore's Michelin-starred restaurants: All you need to know". The Straits Times. 21 July 2016. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 24 April 2017. ^ "Unesco title plants Singapore firmly on world map". The Straits Times. 5 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 October 2022. Retrieved 27 August 2021. null ^ Melody Zaccheus (4 July 2015), "Singapore Botanic Gardens clinches prestigious Unesco World Heritage site status", The Straits Times, archived from the original on 4 March 2016, retrieved 5 July 2015 ^ "Singapore Botanic Gardens declared UNESCO World Heritage Site". Channel NewsAsia. 4 July 2015. Archived from the original on 18 March 2016. Retrieved 4 July 2015. ^ "UNESCO nomination dossier a labour of love since 2010 – Channel NewsAsia". Channel NewsAsia. 6 July 2015. Archived from the original on 17 November 2016. Retrieved 9 August 2015. null Zumbroich, Thomas; Yue Wah Chay (2004). "Singapore's First Spice Plantation and Botanic Garden 1819–1859" (PDF). The Gardens' Bulletin Singapore. 56 (1 & 2): 1–28. National Heritage Board (2002), Singapore's 100 Historic Places, Archipelago Press, ISBN 981-4068-23-3. Singapore Botanic Gardens (1989), Visions of Delight: The Singapore Botanic Gardens through the ages, by Bonnie Tinsley, Tien Wah Press, Singapore, ISBN 9971882035. External links[edit] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Singapore Botanic Gardens. 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