建议买华为还是惠普电脑 Population growth

Increase in the number of individuals in a population

Population growth rate (2023, Our World in Data)[1]

Absolute increase in global human population per year[2]

Population growth is the increase in the number of people in a population or dispersed group. The global population has grown from 1 billion in 1800 to 8.2 billion in 2025.[3] Actual global human population growth amounts to around 70 million annually, or 0.85% per year. As of 2024, The United Nations projects that global population will peak in the mid-2080s at around 10.3 billion. The UN's estimates he decreased strongly in recent years due to sharp declines in global birth rates.[4] Others he challenged many recent population projections as hing underestimated population growth.[5]

The world human population has been growing since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350.[6] A mix of technological advancement that improved agricultural productivity[7] and sanitation and medical advancement that reduced mortality increased population growth. In some geographies, this has slowed through the process called the demographic transition, where many nations with high standards of living he seen a significant slowing of population growth. This is in direct contrast with less developed contexts, where population growth is still happening.[8] Globally, the rate of population growth has declined from a peak of 2.2% per year in 1963.[9]

Population growth alongside increased consumption is a driver of environmental concerns, such as biodiversity loss and climate change,[10][11] due to overexploitation of natural resources for human development.[12] Hence, population reduction is discussed as a sustainability strategy, though its potential is limited to allow free individual life choices.[13] International policy focused on mitigating the impact of human population growth is concentrated in the Sustainable Development Goals which seeks to improve the standard of living globally while reducing the impact of society on the environment while advancing human well-being.[citation needed]

Population[14] Yearspassed Year Pop.(billions) – 1800 1 127 1927 2 33 1960 3 14 1974 4 13 1987 5 12 1999 6 12 2011 7 11 2022 8 12 2035* 9 20 2055* 10 35 2088* 11 *World Population Prospects 2017(United Nations Population Division) History[edit]

World human population estimates from 1800 to 2100, with estimated range of future population after 2020 based on "high" and "low" scenarios. Data from the United Nations projections in 2019.

Estimated size of human population from 10,000 BCE to 2000 CE

World population has been rising continuously since the end of the Black Death, around the year 1350.[6] Population began growing rapidly in the Western world during the industrial revolution. The most significant increase in the world's population has been since the 1950s, mainly due to medical advancements[15] and increases in agricultural productivity.[16][17]

Haber process[edit] Main article: Haber process § Economic and environmental aspects

Due to its dramatic impact on the human ability to grow food, the Haber process, named after one of its inventors, the German chemist Fritz Haber, served as the "detonator of the population explosion", enabling the global population to increase from 1.6 billion in 1900 to 7.7 billion by November 2019.[18]

Thomas McKeown hypotheses[edit]

Some of the reasons for the "Modern Rise of Population"[19] were particularly investigated by the British health scientist Thomas McKeown (1912–1988). In his publications, McKeown challenged four theories about the population growth:

McKeown stated that the growth in Western population, particularly surging in the 19th century, was not so much caused by an increase in fertility, but largely by a decline of mortality particularly of childhood mortality followed by infant mortality,[20][21] The decline of mortality could largely be attributed to rising standards of living, whereby McKeown put most emphasis on improved nutritional status, McKeown questioned the effectiveness of public health measures, including sanitary reforms, vaccination and quarantine,[22] The "McKeown thesis" states that curative medicine measures played little role in mortality decline, not only prior to the mid-20th century[20] but also until well into the 20th century.[23]

Although the McKeown thesis has been heily disputed, recent studies he confirmed the value of his ideas.[24] His work is pivotal for present day thinking about population growth, birth control, public health and medical care. McKeown had a major influence on many population researchers, such as health economists and Nobel prize winners Robert W. Fogel (1993) and Angus Deaton (2015). The latter considered McKeown as "the founder of social medicine".[25]

Growth rate models[edit]

The "population growth rate" is the rate at which the number of individuals in a population increases in a given time period, expressed as a fraction of the initial population. Specifically, population growth rate refers to the change in population over a unit time period, often expressed as a percentage of the number of individuals in the population at the beginning of that period. This can be written as the formula, valid for a sufficiently small time interval:

P o p u l a t i o n g r o w t h r a t e = P ( t 2 ) − P ( t 1 ) P ( t 1 ) ( t 2 − t 1 ) {\displaystyle Population\ growth\ rate={\frac {P(t_{2})-P(t_{1})}{P(t_{1})(t_{2}-t_{1})}}}

A positive growth rate indicates that the population is increasing, while a negative growth rate indicates that the population is decreasing. A growth ratio of zero indicates that there were the same number of individuals at the beginning and end of the period—a growth rate may be zero even when there are significant changes in the birth rates, death rates, immigration rates, and age distribution between the two times.[26]

A related measure is the net reproduction rate. In the absence of migration, a net reproduction rate of more than 1 indicates that the population of females is increasing, while a net reproduction rate less than one (sub-replacement fertility) indicates that the population of females is decreasing.

Most populations do not grow exponentially, rather they follow a logistic model. Once the population has reached its carrying capacity, it will stabilize and the exponential curve will level off towards the carrying capacity, which is usually when a population has depleted most its natural resources.[27] In the world human population, growth may be said to he been following a linear trend throughout the last few decades.[9]

The logistic growth of a population Logistic equation[edit]

The growth of a population can often be modelled by the logistic equation[28]

d P d t = r P ( 1 − P K ) , {\displaystyle {\frac {dP}{dt}}=rP\left(1-{\frac {P}{K}}\right),}

where

P ( t ) {\displaystyle P(t)} = the population after time t; t {\displaystyle t} = time a population grows; r {\displaystyle r} = the relative growth rate coefficient; K {\displaystyle K} = the carrying capacity of the population; defined by ecologists as the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain.[27]

As it is a separable differential equation, the population may be solved explicitly, producing a logistic function:

P ( t ) = K 1 + A e − r t {\displaystyle P(t)={\frac {K}{1+Ae^{-rt}}}} ,

where A = K − P 0 P 0 {\displaystyle A={\frac {K-P_{0}}{P_{0}}}} and P 0 {\displaystyle P_{0}} is the initial population at time 0.

Global population growth rate[edit] Further information: Total fertility rate, Estimates of historical world population, and Population dynamics See also: Human overpopulation and Overshoot (population)

A world map showing global variations in fertility rate per woman according to the CIA World Factbook's 2021 data 6–7 children 5–6 children 4–5 children 3–4 children 2–3 children 1–2 children

Estimates of population evolution in different continents between 1950 and 2050 according to the United Nations. The vertical axis is logarithmic and is in millions of people. (2011)

World population growth rates between 1950 and 2050

The world population growth rate peaked in 1963 at 2.2% per year and subsequently declined.[9] In 2017, the estimated annual growth rate was 1.1%.[29] The CIA World Factbook gives the world annual birthrate, mortality rate, and growth rate as 1.86%, 0.78%, and 1.08% respectively.[30] The last 100 years he seen a massive fourfold increase in the population, due to medical advances, lower mortality rates, and an increase in agricultural productivity made possible by the Green Revolution.[31]

The annual increase in the number of living humans peaked at 88.0 million in 1989, then slowly declined to 73.9 million in 2003, after which it rose again to 75.2 million in 2006. In 2017, the human population increased by 83 million.[29] Generally, developed nations he seen a decline in their growth rates in recent decades, though annual growth rates remain above 2% in some countries of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa, and also in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and Latin America.[32]

In some countries the population is declining, especially in Eastern Europe, mainly due to low fertility rates, high death rates and emigration. In Southern Africa, growth is slowing due to the high number of AIDS-related deaths. Some Western Europe countries might also experience population decline.[33] Japan's population began decreasing in 2005.[34]

The United Nations Population Division projects world population to reach 11.2 billion by the end of the 21st century. The Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation projects that the global population will peak in 2064 at 9.73 billion and decline to 8.89 billion in 2100. [35] A 2014 study in Science concludes that the global population will reach 11 billion by 2100, with a 70% chance of continued growth into the 22nd century.[36][37] The German Foundation for World Population reported in December 2019 that the global human population grows by 2.6 people every second, and could reach 8 billion by 2023.[38][39]

Growth by country[edit] Main article: List of countries by population growth rate

The majority of world population growth today is occurring in less developed countries.

According to United Nations population statistics, the world population grew by 30%, or 1.6 billion humans, between 1990 and 2010.[40] In number of people the increase was highest in India (350 million) and China (196 million). Population growth rate was among highest in the United Arab Emirates (315%) and Qatar (271%).[40]

Growth rates of the world's most populous countries Rank Country Population Annual Growth (%) 1990 2010 2020 (est.)[41] 1990–2010 2010–2020 World 5,306,425,000 6,895,889,000 7,503,828,180 1.3% 0.8% 1

China 1,139,060,000 1,341,335,000 1,384,688,986 0.8% 0.3% 2

India 873,785,000 1,224,614,000 1,333,000,000 1.7% 0.9% 3

United States 253,339,000 310,384,000 329,256,465 1.0% 0.6% 4

Indonesia 184,346,000 239,871,000 262,787,403 1.3% 0.9% 5

Brazil 149,650,000 194,946,000 208,846,892 1.3% 0.7% 6

Pakistan 111,845,000 173,593,000 207,862,518 2.2% 1.8% 7

Nigeria 97,552,000 158,423,000 203,452,505 2.5% 2.5% 8

Bangladesh 105,256,000 148,692,000 159,453,001 1.7% 0.7% 9

Russia 148,244,000 142,958,000 142,122,776 −0.2% −0.1% 10

Japan 122,251,000 128,057,000 126,168,156 0.2% −0.1%

Many of the world's countries, including many in Sub-Saharan Africa, the Middle East, South Asia and South East Asia, he seen a sharp rise in population since the end of the Cold War. The fear is that high population numbers are putting further strain on natural resources, food supplies, fuel supplies, employment, housing, etc. in some of the less fortunate countries. For example, the population of Chad has ultimately grown from 6,279,921 in 1993 to 10,329,208 in 2009,[42] further straining its resources. Vietnam, Mexico, Nigeria, Egypt, Ethiopia, and the DRC are witnessing a similar growth in population.

The following table gives some example countries or territories:

Country/territory Population in Life expectancyin years (2008) Total populationgrowth from 1960sto 2007–2011 1967 1990 1994 2002 2008

Eritrea* N/A* N/A* 3,437,000[43] 4,298,269 5,673,520[44] 61[45] 2,236,520

Ethiopia* 23,457,000*[46] 50,974,000* [47] 54,939,000[43] 67,673,031(2003) 79,221,000[48] 55[45] 55,764,000

Sudan 14,355,000†[46] 25,204,000† [47] 27,361,000†[43] 38,114,160 (2003)† 42,272,000†[44] 50†[45] 27,917,000

Chad 3,410,000[46] 5,679,000[47] 6,183,000[43] 9,253,493(2003) 10,329,208 (2009)[42] 47[45] 6,919,205

Niger 3,546,000[46] 7,732,000[47] 8,846,000[43] 10,790,352 (2001) 15,306,252 (2009)[49] 44[45] 11,760,252

Nigeria 61,450,000[46] 88,500,000[47] 108,467,000[43] 129,934,911 158,259,000[44] 47[45] 96,809,000

Mali 4,745,000[46] 8,156,000[47] 10,462,000[43] 11,340,480 14,517,176(2010)[50] 50[45] 9,772,176

Mauritania 1,050,000[46] 2,025,000 [47] 2,211,000[43] 2,667,859 (2003) 3,291,000 (2009)[42] 54[45] 2,241,000

Senegal 3,607,000[46] 7,327,000[47] 8,102,000[43] 9,967,215 13,711,597 (2009)[51] 57[45] 10,104,597

Gambia 343,000[46] 861,000[47] 1,081,000[43] 1,367,124 (2000) 1,705,000[44] 55[45] 1,362,000

Algeria 11,833,126 [46] 25,012,000[47] 27,325,000 [43] 32,818,500 (2003) 34,895,000[48][52] 74[45] 23,061,874

The DRC/Zaire 16,353,000[46] 35,562,000[47] 42,552,000[43] 55,225,478 (2003) 70,916,439 [48][53] 54[45] 54,563,439

Egypt 30,083,419 [46] 53,153,000[47] 58,326,000[43] 70,712,345 (2003) 79,089,650 [48][54] 72[45] 49,006,231

Réunion(overseas region of France) 418,000[46] N/A[47] N/A[43] 720,934 (2003) 827,000 (2009) [44] N/A[45] 409,000

Falkland Islands(British Overseas Territory) 2,500[46] N/A[47] N/A[43] 2,967 (2003) 3,140(2010)[55] N/A[45] 640

Chile 8,935,500[46] 13,173,000[47] 13,994,000[43] 15,116,435 17,224,200 (2011) 77[45] 8,288,700

Colombia 19,191,000[46] 32,987,000[47] 34,520,000[43] 41,088,227 45,925,397 (2010)[56] 73[45] 26,734,397

Brazil 85,655,000[46] 150,368,000[47] 153,725,000[43] 174,468,575 (2000) 190,732,694 (2010) [57] 72[45] 105,077,694

Mexico 45,671,000[46] 86,154,000[47] 93,008,000[43] 103,400,165 (2000) 112,322,757 (2010)[58] 76[45] 66,651,757

Fiji 476,727 (1966)[46] 765,000[47] 771,000[43] 844,330 (2001) 849,000[52] (2010) 70[45] 372,273

Nauru 6,050 [46] 10,000[47] N/A[43] 12,329 9,322 (2011)[59] N/A[45] 3,272

Jamaica 1,876,000[46] 2,420,000[47] 2,429,000[43] 2,695,867 (2003) 2,847,232[60](2010) 74[45] 971,232

Australia 11,540,764 [46] 17,086,000[47] 17,843,000[43] 19,546,792 (2003) 27,268,419[61] (2010) 82[45] 10,066,508

Albania 1,965,500 (1964)[46] 3,250,000[47] 3,414,000[43] 3,510,484 2,986,952 (July 2010 est.)[42][62] 78[45] 1,021,452

Poland 31,944,000[46] 38,180,000[47] 38,554,000[43] 38,626,349 (2001) 38,192,000 (2010)[63] 75[45] 6,248,000

Hungary 10,212,000[46] 10,553,000[47] 10,261,000[43] 10,106,017 9,979,000 (2010)[64] 73[45] -142,000

Bulgaria 8,226,564 (1965)[46] 8,980,000[47] 8,443,000[43] 7,707,495(2000) 7,351,234 (2011)[65] 73[45] -875,330

United Kingdom 55,068,000 (1966)[46] 57,411,000[47] 58,091,000[43] 58,789,194 62,008,048 (2010)[66] 79[45] 7,020,048

Ireland 2,884,002 (1966)[46] 3,503,000[47] 3,571,000[43] 3,840,838 (2000) 4,470,700[67] (2010) 78[45] 1,586,698

People's Republic of China 720,000,000[46] 1,139,060,000[47] 1,208,841,000[43] 1,286,975,468 (2004) 1,339,724,852 (2010)[68] 73[45] 619,724,852

Japan‡ 98,274,961 (1965)[46] 123,537,000[47] 124,961,000[43] 127,333,002 127,420,000 (2010)[69] 82[45] 28,123,865

India# 511,115,000[46] 843,931,000[47] 918,570,000[43] 1,028,610,328 (2001) 1,210,193,422 (2011)[70] 69[45] 699,078,422

Singapore 1,956,000 (1967)[46] 3,003,000 (1990) [47] 2,930,000 (1994)[43] 4,452,732 (2002) 5,076,700 (2010)[71] 82 (2008)[45] 3,120,700

Monaco 24,000 (1967)[46] 29,000 (1990) [47] N/A (1994)[43] 31,842 (2000) 35,586[72] (2010) (2008)[45] 11,586

Greece 8,716,000 (1967)[46] 10,123,000 (1990) [47] 10,426,000 (1994)[43] 10,964,020 (2001)[73] 11,305,118 (2011)[74] N/A (2008)[45] 2,589,118

Faroe Islands(Danish dependency) 38,000 (1967)[46] N/A (1990) [47] N/A (1994)[43] 46,345 (2000) 48,917 (2010) [75] N/A (2008)[45] 18,917

Liechtenstein 20,000 (1967)[46] 29,000 (1990) [47] N/A (1994)[43] 33,307 (2000) 35,789 (2009)[76] (2008)[45] 15,789

South Korea 29,207,856 (1966)[46] 42,793,000 (1990) [47] 44,453,000 (1994)[43] 48,324,000 (2003) 48,875,000 (2010) [77] (2008)[45] 19,667,144

North Korea 12,700,000 (1967)[46] 21,773,000 (1990) [47] 23,483,000 (1994)[43] 22,224,195 (2002) 24,051,218 (2010)[78] (2008)[45] 11,351,218

Brunei 107,200 (1967)[46] 266,000 (1990) [47] 280,000 (1994)[43] 332,844 (2001) 401,890 (2011)[79] 76 (2008)[45] 306,609

Malaysia 10,671,000 (1967)[46] 17,861,000 (1990) [47] 19,489,000 (1994)[43] 21,793,293 (2002) 27,565,821 (2010)[80] (2008)[45] 16,894,821

Thailand 32,680,000 (1967)[46] 57,196,000 (1990) [47] 59,396,000 (1994)[43] 60,606,947 (2000)[81] 63,878,267 (2011)[82] (2008)[45] 31,198,267

Lebanon 2,520,000 (1967)[46] 2,701,000 (1990) [47] 2,915,000 (1994)[43] 3,727,703[83] (2003) 4,224,000[44] (2009) - (2008)[45]

Syria 5,600,000 (1967)[46] 12,116,000 (1990) [47] 13,844,000 (1994)[43] 17,585,540 (2003) 22,457,763 (2011)[84] -(2008)[45]

Bahrain 182,00 (1967)[46] 503,000 (1990) [47] 549,000 (1994)[43] 667,238 (2003) 1,234,596[85] (2010) 75 (2008)[45]

Sri Lanka 11,741,000 (1967)[46] 16,993,000 (1990) [47] 17,685,000 (1994)[43] 19,607,519 (2002) 20,238,000[52] (2009) - (2008)[45]

Switzerland 6,050,000 (1967)[46] 6.712,000 (1990) [47] 6,994,000 (1994)[43] 7,261,200 (2002) 7,866,500[86] (2010) - (2008)[45]

Luxembourg 335,000 (1967)[46] 381,000 (1990) [47] 401,000 (1994)[43] 439,539 (2001) 511,840 (2011)[87] - (2008)[45]

Romania 19,105,056 (1966)[46] 23,200,000 (1990)[47] 22,736,000 (1994)[43] 21,680,974 (2002) 21,466,174[88] (2011) - (2008)[45]

Niue(associated state of New Zealand) 1,900 (1966)[46] N/A (1990)[47] N/A (1994)[43] 2,134 (2002) 1,398 (2009)[89] N/A (2008)[45] -502

Tokelau(New Zealand territory) 5,194 (1966)[46] N/A (1990)[47] N/A (1994)[43] 1,445 (2001) 1,416 (2009) N/A (2008)[45] -3,778

Jamaica 1,876,000 (1967)[46] 2,420,000 (1990) [47] 2,429,000 (1994)[43] 2,695,867 (2003) 2,847,232[60] (2010) 74 (2008)[45] 971,232

Argentina 32,031,000 (1967)[46] 32,322,000 (1990)[47] 34,180,000 (1994)[43] 37,812,817 (2002) 40,091,359 (2010) 74 (2008)[45] 8,060,359

France 49,890,660 (1967)[46] 56,440,000 (1990)[47] 57,747,000 (1994)[43] 59,551,000 (2001) 63,136,180 (2011)[90] 81 (2008)[45]

Italy 52,334,000 (1967)[46] 57,662,000 (1990)[47] 57,193,000 (1994)[43] 56,995,744 (2002) 60,605,053[91] (2011) 80 (2008)[45]

Mauritius 774,000 (1967)[46] 1,075,000 (1990)[47] 1,104,000 (1994)[43] 1,179,137 (2000) 1,288,000 (2009)[52] 75 (2008)[45] 514,000

Guatemala 4,717,000 (1967)[46] 9,197,000 (1990)[47] 10,322,000 (1994)[43] 12,974,361 (2000) 13,276,517 (2009) 70 (2008)[45] 8,559,517

Cuba 8,033,000 (1967)[46] 10,609,000 (1990)[47] 10,960,000 (1994)[43] 11,177,743 (2002) 11,239,363 (2009)[92] 77 (2008)[45]

Barbados 246,000 (1967)[46] 255,000 (1990) [47] 261,000 (1994)[43] 250,012 (2001) 284,589 (2010)[42] 73 (2008)[45] 18,589

Samoa 131,377 (1967)[46] 164,000 (1990) [47] 164,000 (1994)[43] 178,173 (2003) 179,000 (2009)[44] N/A (2008)[45]

Sweden 7,765,981 (1967)[46] 8,559,000 (1990) [47] 8,794,000 (1994)[43] 8,920,705 (2002) 9,354,462 (2009) 81 (2008)[45]

Finland 4,664,000 (1967)[46] 4,986,000 (1990) [47] 5,095,000 (1994)[43] 5,175,783 (2002) 5,374,781 (2010) N/A (2008)[45]

Portugal 9,440,000 (1967)[46] 10,525,000 (1990)[47] 9,830,000 (1994)[43] 10,355,824 (2001) 10,647,763[93] (2011) N/A (2008)[45]

Austria 7,323,981 (1967)[46] 7,712,000 (1990) [47] 8,031,000 (1994)[43] 8,032,926 (2001) 8,404,252 (2011) N/A (2008)[45]

Libya 1,738,000 (1967)[46] 4,545,000 (1990)[47] 5,225,000(1994)[43] 5,499,074 (2002) 6,420,000 (2009)[44] 77 (2008)[45]

Peru 12,385,000 (1967)[46] 21,550,000 (1990)[47] 23,080,000(1994)[43] 27,949,639 (2002) 29,496,000 (2010) 70 (2008)[45]

Guinea Bissau 528,000 (1967)[46] 965,000 (1990) [47] 1,050,000 (1994)[43] 1,345,479 (2002) 1,647,000[44] (2009) 48 (2008)[45]

Angola 5,203,066 (1967)[46] 10,020,000 (1990)[47] 10,674,000 (1994)[43] 10,766,500 (2003) 18,498,000[52][94] (2009) 38 (2008)[45]

Equatorial Guinea 277,000 (1967)[46] 348,000 (1990)[47] 389,000 (1994)[43] 474,214 (2000) 676,000 (2009)[52] 61 (2008)[45]

Benin 2,505,000 (1967)[46] 4,736,000 (1990)[47] 5,246,000 (1994)[43] 8,500,500 (2002) 8,791,832 (2009) 59 (2008)[45]

Laos 2,770,000 (1967)[46] 4,139,000 (1990)[47] 4,742,000 (1994)[43] 5,635,967 (2002) 6,800,000[95] (2011) 56 (2008)[45]

Nepal 10,500,000 (1967)[46] 18,961,000 (1990)[47] 21,360,000 (1994)[43] 25,284,463 (2002) 29,331,000[52] (2009) - (2008)[45]

Iran 25,781,090 (1966)[46] 54,608,000 (1990)[47] 59,778,000 (1994)[43] 66,622,704 (2002) 75,330,000 (2010)[96] 71 (2008)[45] 49,548,910

Canada 20,014,880 (1966)[46] 26,603,000 (1990)[47] 29,248,000(1994)[43] 31,081,900 (2001) 32,623,490 (2011)[97] 81 (2008)[45]

United States 199,118,000 (1967)[46] 249,995,000 (1990)[47] 260,650,00(1994)[43] 281,421,906 (2000) 308,745,538 (2010)[98] 78 (2008)[45]

Uganda 7,931,000 (1967)[46] 18,795,000 (1990)[47] 20,621,000 (1994)[43] 24,227,297 (2002) 32,369,558 (2009) 52 (2008)[45] Notes * Eritrea left Ethiopia in 1991. † Split into the nations of Sudan and South Sudan during 2011. ‡ Japan and the Ryukyu Islands merged in 1972. # India and Sikkim merged in 1975. Population growth 1990–2012 (%)[99] Africa 73.3% Middle East 68.2% Asia (excl. China) 42.8% China 19.0% OECD Americas 27.9% Non-OECD Americas 36.6% OECD Europe 11.5% OECD Asia Oceania 11.1% Non-OECD Europe and Eurasia −0.8% Future population[edit] These paragraphs are an excerpt from Human population projections.[edit] Human population projections are attempts to extrapolate how human populations will change in the future.[100] These projections are an important input to forecasts of the population's impact on this planet and humanity's future well-being.[101] Models of population growth take trends in human development and apply projections into the future.[102] These models use trend-based-assumptions about how populations will respond to economic, social and technological forces to understand how they will affect fertility and mortality, and thus population growth.[102] See also[edit] Demographic history Demographic transition Density dependence Ecological overshoot Epidemiological transition Human population planning Irruptive growth Overshoot (population) Population ageing Population decline Population density World population Estimates of historical world population Zero population growth References[edit] ^ Ritchie, Hannah; Rodés-Guirao, Lucas; Mathieu, Edouard; Gerber, Marcel; Ortiz-Ospina, Esteban; Hasell, Joe; Roser, Max (11 July 2023). 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