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Google SearchThe Google homepageType of siteSearch EngineAvailable inMultilingual (124)OwnerGoogleCreated bySergey Brin and Larry PageRevenueFrom AdWordsURLhttp://www.google.comlist of domain namesCommercialYesRegistrationOptionalLaunchedSeptember 15, 1997[1]Current statusActiveGoogle Search or Google Web Search is a web search engine owned by Google Inc. and it is the most widely used search engine on the World Wide Web.[2] Google receives several hundred million queries each day through its various services.[3] The main purpose of Google Search is to hunt for text in webpages, as opposed to other data, such as with Google Image Search. Google search was originally developed by Larry Page and Sergey Brin in 1997,[4] based on earlier search-engine designs.
Google Search provides at least 22 special features beyond the original word-search capability.[5] These include synonyms, weather forecasts, time zones, stock quotes, maps, earthquake data, movie showtimes, airports, home listings, and sports results. (see below: Special features). There are special features for numbers, including ranges (70..73),[6] prices, temperatures, money/unit conversions ("10.5 cm in inches"), calculations ( 3*4+sqrt(6)-pi/2 ), package tracking, patents, area codes,[5] and language translation of displayed pages.
The order of search results (ghits for Google hits) on Google's search-results pages is based, in part, on a priority rank called a "PageRank". Google Search provides many options for customized search (see below: Search options), using Boolean operators such as: exclusion ("-xx"), inclusion ("+xx"), alternatives ("xx OR yy"), and wildcard ("x * x").[7]
Search engine[change | change source] PageRank[change | change source]Google's rise to success was in large part due to a patented algorithm called PageRank that helps rank web pages that match a given search string.[8] Previous keyword-based methods of ranking search results, used by many search engines that were once more popular than Google, would rank pages by how often the search terms occurred in the page, or how strongly associated the search terms were within each resulting page. The PageRank algorithm instead analyses human-generated links, assuming that web pages linked from many important pages are themselves likely to be important. The algorithm computes a recursive score for pages, based on the weighted sum of the PageRanks of the pages linking to them. PageRank is thought to correlate well with human concepts of importance. In addition to PageRank, Google over the years has added many other secret criteria for determining the ranking of pages on result lists, reported to be over 200 different indicators.[9][10] The details are kept secret due to spammers and in order to maintain an advantage over Google's competitors.
Search results[change | change source]The exact percentage of the total of web pages that Google indexes is not known, as it is very hard to actually calculate. Google not only indexes and caches web pages but also takes "snapshots" of other file types, which include PDF, Word documents, Excel spreadsheets, Flash SWF, plain text files, and so on.[11] Except in the case of text and SWF files, the cached version is a conversion to (X)HTML, allowing those without the corresponding viewer application to read the file.
Users can customize the search engine, by setting a default language, using the "SafeSearch" filtering technology and set the number of results shown on each page. Google has been criticized for placing long-term cookies on users' machines to store these preferences, a tactic which also enables them to track a user's search terms and retain the data for more than a year. For any query, up to the first 1000 results can be shown with a maximum of 100 displayed per page. The ability to specify the number of results is ailable only if "Instant Search" is not enabled. If "Instant Search" is enabled, only 10 results are displayed, regardless of this setting.
Non-indexable data[change | change source]Despite its immense index, there is also a considerable amount of data ailable in online databases which are accessible by means of queries but not by links. This so-called invisible or deep Web is minimally covered by Google and other search engines.[12] The deep Web contains library catalogs, official legislative documents of governments, phone books, and other content which is dynamically prepared to respond to a query.
Privacy in some countries forbids the showing of some links. For instance in Switzerland any individual can force Google Inc. to delete a link which contains their name.[source?]
Google optimization[change | change source] Main article: Search engine optimizationSince Google is the most popular search engine, many webmasters he become eager to influence their website's Google rankings. An industry of consultants has arisen to help websites increase their rankings on Google and on other search engines. This field, called search engine optimization, attempts to discern patterns in search engine listings, and then develop a methodology for improving rankings to draw more searchers to their client's sites.
Search engine optimization encompasses both "on page" factors (like body copy, title elements, H1 heading elements and image alt attribute values) and Off Page Optimization factors (like anchor text and PageRank). The general idea is to affect Google's relevance algorithm by incorporating the keywords being targeted in various places "on page", in particular the title element and the body copy (note: the higher up in the page, presumably the better its keyword prominence and thus the ranking). Too many occurrences of the keyword, however, cause the page to look suspect to Google's spam checking algorithms.
Google has published guidelines for website owners who would like to raise their rankings when using legitimate optimization consultants.[13]
Functionality[change | change source]Google search consists of a series of localized websites. The largest of those, the google.com site, is the top most-visited website in the world.[14] Some of its features include a definition link for most searches including dictionary words, the number of results you got on your search, links to other searches (e.g. for words that Google believes to be misspelled, it provides a link to the search results using its proposed spelling), and many more.
Search syntax[change | change source]Google's search engine normally accepts queries as a simple text, and breaks up the user's text into a sequence of search terms, which will usually be words that are to occur in the results, but one can also use Boolean operators, such as: quotations marks (") for a phrase, a prefix such as "+", "-" for qualified terms, or one of several advanced operators, such as "site:". The webpages of "Google Search Basics" describe each of these additional queries and options (see below: Search options).
Google's Advanced Search web form gives several additional fields which may be used to qualify searches by such criteria as date of first retrieval. All advanced queries transform to regular queries, usually with additional qualified terms.
Query expansion[change | change source]Google applies query expansion to the submitted search query, transforming it into the query that will actually be used to retrieve results. As with page ranking, the exact details of the algorithm Google uses are deliberately obscure, but certainly the following transformations are among those that occur:
Term reordering: in information retrieval this is a standard technique to reduce the work involved in retrieving results. This transformation is invisible to the user, since the results ordering uses the original query order to determine relevance. Stemming is used to increase search quality by keeping small syntactic variants of search terms.[15] There is a limited facility to fix possible misspellings in queries. "I'm Feeling Lucky"[April Fools' Day List of mergers and acquisitions CompanyDivisions Ads AI Brain DeepMind Android booting process recovery mode software development version history China Goojje Chrome Cloud Glass Google.org Crisis Response Public Alerts RechargeIT Health Maps Pixel Search Timeline Sidewalk Labs Sustainability YouTube History "Me at the zoo" Social impact YouTuber PeopleCurrent Krishna Bharat Vint Cerf Jeff Dean John Doerr Sanjay Ghemawat Al Gore John L. Hennessy Urs Hölzle Salar Kamangar Ray Kurzweil Ann Mather Alan Mulally Sundar Pichai (CEO) Ruth Porat (CFO) Rajen Sheth Hal Varian Susan Wojcicki Neal Mohan Former Andy Bechtolsheim Sergey Brin (Founder) Did Cheriton Matt Cutts Did Drummond Alan Eustace Timnit Gebru Omid Kordestani Paul Otellini Larry Page (Founder) Patrick Pichette Eric Schmidt Ram Shriram Amit Singhal Shirley M. Tilghman Rachel Whetstone Real estate 111 Eighth Avenue Androidland Barges Binoculars Building Central Saint Giles Chelsea Market Chrome Zone Data centers Modular Googleplex Mayfield Mall Pier 57 Sidewalk Toronto Don't be evil" Gayglers Google (verb) Google bombing 2004 U.S. presidential election Google effect Googlefight Google hacking Googleshare Google tax Googlewhack Googlization "Illegal flower tribute" Rooting Search engine manipulation effect Sitelink Site reliability engineering YouTube Poop Documentaries AlphaGo Google: Behind the Screen Google Current Google Maps Road Trip Google and the World Brain The Creepy Line Books Google Hacks The Google Story Google Volume One Googled: The End of the World as We Know It How Google Works