SOURCES:
News release, University of Pennsylvania Health System.
Mayo Clinic: “Mitral Valve Regurgitation,” “Overview,” “Diagnosis,” “Treatment,” "Symptoms and Causes."
Northwestern Medicine, Bluhm Cardiovascular Institute: “Mitral Valve Regurgitation, Stenosis, and Prolapse.”
Columbia University Medical Center: “Mitral Regurgitation,” “About the Heart.”
National Institutes of Health, National Library of Medicine.
Texas Heart Institute.
Heikkinen, J. Scandinian Cardiovascular Journal, September 2005.
Cleveland Clinic: “Mitral Valve,” “Mitral Valve Regurgitation,” “Rheumatic Heart Disease,” “Pulmonary Hypertension,” “Transesophageal Echocardiogram,” “Mitral Valve Repair,” “Annuloplasty,” “Mitral Valve Replacement,” “When Leaky Valves Are at the Heart of the Problem.”
StatPearls: “Mitral Valve Insufficiency,” “Papillary Muscle Rupture.”
American Heart Association: “Problem: Mitral Valve Prolapse,” “Heart Valves and Infective Endocarditis,” “What Is Atrial Fibrillation?” “Problem: Mitral Valve Regurgitation,” “What Is Echocardiography?” “Understanding Your Heart Valve Treatment Options," “Heart Valve Problems and Disease.”
Journal of the American Society of Echocardiography: “Diagnosis of Isolated Cleft Mitral Valve Using Three-Dimensional Echocardiography.”
National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute: “Heart Valve Diseases,” “How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Diagnosed?” “Heart-healthy eating,” “What Is Physical Activity,” “How Is Heart Valve Disease Treated?”
Medicina (Kaunas): “Sex Differences in Epidemiology, Morphology, Mechanisms, and Treatment of Mitral Valve Regurgitation.”
Circulation: “2020 ACC/AHA Guideline for the Management of Patients With Valvular Heart Disease: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Joint Committee on Clinical Practice Guidelines.”
Penn Medicine: “Mitral Regurgitation.”
UpToDate: “Patient education: Mitral regurgitation (Beyond the Basics).”
Medscape: “Mitral Regurgitation Medication.”
Merck Manuals: “Mitral Regurgitation.”
Johns Hopkins Medicine. “Heart Valve Diseases,” “Valvular Heart Disease.”
Harvard Health Publications: “Skipping a beat -- the surprise of heart palpitations.”
MyHeart.Net: Mitral Regurgitation.
Mokadam, N. Texas Heart Institute Journal: "Management of Acute Regurgitation in Left-Sided Cardiac Valves."
CardioSmart: “Mitral Valve Regurgitation.”
Beaumont Health: “Heart & Vascular.”
American College of Cardiology: “Mitral Valve Regurgitation.”