iTunesScreenshot of iTunes 12.13.4.4 on Windows 10Developer(s)Apple Inc.Initial releaseJanuary 9, 2001; 24 years ago (2001-01-09)Stable release12.13.7.1 / March 31, 2025; 5 months ago (2025-03-31) Operating system – macOS Moje and earlier (until version 12.9.5); can be installed on macOS Catalina to macOS Sequoia using third party software. – Windows 10 (Supported until October 14, 2025) and Windows 11 (latest version) Platform macOS Windows SuccessorFor media: TV (macOS and Windows) Music (macOS and Windows) Podcasts (macOS only) For device management: Finder (macOS) Apple Devices (Windows)Type CD ripper Digital asset management Media player Optical disc authoring Tag editor LicenseFreewareWebsiteitunes.com Part of a series onmacOS History and architecture Architecture Version history Transition to Intel processors Transition to Apple silicon Darwin Cocoa XNU Versions Version history Rhapsody (Developer Release) Hera (Server 1.0) Kodiak (Public Beta) Cheetah (10.0) Puma (10.1) Jaguar (10.2) Panther (10.3) Tiger (10.4) Leopard (10.5) Snow Leopard (10.6) Lion (10.7) Mountain Lion (10.8) Mericks (10.9) Yosemite (10.10) El Capitan (10.11) Sierra (10.12) High Sierra (10.13) Moje (10.14) Catalina (10.15) Big Sur (11) Monterey (12) Ventura (13) Sonoma (14) Sequoia (15) Tahoe (26) Applications App Store Automator Books Calculator Calendar Contacts Dashboard Dictionary FaceTime Finder Game Center Grapher iTunes (history) Mail Messages Music Notes Notification Center Photo Booth Podcasts Photos Preview QuickTime Reminders Safari Sherlock Stickies TextEdit Time Machine List of built-in apps List of compatible software List of compatible games Utilities Activity Monitor AirPort Utility Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange ColorSync Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Remote Install Mac OS X System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Related operating systems Classic Mac OS Copland NeXTSTEP Rhapsody Darwin vte
iTunes is a media player, media library, and mobile device management (MDM) utility developed by Apple. It is used to purchase, play, download and organize digital multimedia on personal computers running the macOS and Windows operating systems, and can be used to rip songs from CDs as well as playing content from dynamic, smart playlists. It includes options for sound optimization and wirelessly sharing iTunes libraries.
iTunes was announced by Apple CEO Steve Jobs on January 9, 2001. Its original and main focus was music, with a library offering organization and storage of Mac users' music collections. With the 2003 addition of the iTunes Store for purchasing and downloading digital music, and a Windows version of the program, it became an ubiquitous tool for managing music and configuring other features on Apple's line of iPod media players, which extended to the iPhone and iPad upon their introduction. From 2005 on, Apple expanded its core music features with support for digital video, podcasts, e-books, and mobile apps purchased from the iOS App Store. Since the release of iOS 5 in 2011, these devices he become less dependent on iTunes, though it can still be used to back up their contents.
Though well received in its early years, iTunes received increasing criticism for a bloated user experience, which incorporated features beyond its original focus on music. Beginning with Macs running macOS Catalina, iTunes was replaced by separate apps, namely Music, Podcasts, and TV, with Finder taking over device management capabilities.[1][2] This change did not affect iTunes running on Windows or older macOS versions.[3] In February 2024, most features of iTunes for Windows were split into the Apple TV, Music, and Apple Devices apps. iTunes is still used for podcasts and audiobooks as there is currently no Windows version of Apple Podcasts.[4][5]
History[edit] See also: History of iTunesSoundJam MP, released by Casady & Greene in 1999, was renamed "iTunes" when Apple purchased it the next year. The primary developers of the software moved to Apple as part of the acquisition, and simplified SoundJam's user interface, added the ability to burn CDs, and removed its recording feature and skin support.[6][7] The first version of iTunes, promotionally dubbed "World's Best and Easiest To Use Jukebox Software",[8] was announced on January 9, 2001.[9] Subsequent releases of iTunes often coincided with new hardware devices, and gradually included support for new features, including "smart playlists", the iTunes Store, and new audio formats.[9]
Platform ailability[edit]Apple released iTunes for Windows on October 16, 2003.[10]
On April 26, 2018, iTunes was released on Microsoft Store for Windows 10,[11] primarily to allow it to be installed on Windows 10 devices configured to only allow installation of software from Microsoft Store.[12] Unlike Windows versions for other platforms, it is more self-contained due to technical requirements for distribution on the store (not installing background helper services such as Bonjour), and is updated automatically through the store rather than using Apple Software Update.[13]
The role of iTunes has been replaced with independent apps, Apple Music, Apple Podcasts, Apple Books, and Apple TV; with iPhone, iPod, and iPad management integrated into the Finder starting with macOS 10.15 Catalina, and appearing as Apple Devices starting with Windows 10.[14][15]
Music library[edit]iTunes features a music library. Each track has attributes, called metadata, that can be edited by the user, including changing the name of the artist, album, and genre, year of release, artwork, among other additional settings.[16][17] The software supports importing digital audio tracks that can then be transferred to iOS devices,[18] as well as supporting ripping content from CDs.[19][20] iTunes supports W, AIFF, Apple Lossless, AAC, and MP3 audio formats.[21] It uses the Gracenote music database to provide track name listings for audio CDs. When users rip content from a CD, iTunes attempts to match songs to the Gracenote service. For self-published CDs, or those from obscure record labels, iTunes would normally only list tracks as numbered entries ("Track 1" and "Track 2") on an unnamed album by an unknown artist, requiring manual input of data.[22]
File metadata is displayed in users' libraries in columns, including album, artist, genre, composer, and more.[23] Users can enable or disable different columns, as well as change view settings.[24]
Special playlists[edit]Introduced in 2004,[25] "Party Shuffle" selected tracks to play randomly from the library, though users could press a button to skip a song and go to the next in the list.[26] The feature was later renamed "iTunes DJ",[27] before being discontinued altogether, replaced by a simpler "Up Next" feature that notably lost some of "iTunes DJ"'s functionality.[28]
Introduced in iTunes 8 in 2008, "Genius" can automatically generate a playlist of songs from the user's library that "go great together".[29] "Genius" transmits information about the user's library to Apple anonymously, and evolves over time to enhance its recommendation system. It can also suggest purchases to fill out "holes" in the library.[30] The feature was updated with iTunes 9 in 2009 to offer "Genius Mixes", which generated playlists based on specific music genres.[31][32]
"Smart playlists" are a set of playlists that can be set to automatically filter the library based on a customized list of selection criteria, much like a database query. Multiple criteria can be entered to manage the smart playlist.[33] Selection criteria examples include a genre like Christmas music, songs that he not been played recently, or songs the user has listened to the most in a time period.[34]
Library sharing[edit]Through a "Home Sharing" feature, users can share their iTunes library wirelessly.[35] Computer firewalls must allow network traffic, and users must specifically enable sharing in the iTunes preferences menu. iOS applications also exist that can transfer content without Internet.[36] Additionally, users can set up a network-attached storage system, and connect to that storage system through an app.[37]
Sound processing[edit]iTunes includes sound processing features, such as equalization, "sound enhancement" and crossfade. There is also a feature called Sound Check, which normalizes the playback volume of all songs in the library to the same level.[38][39]
Online music functionality[edit] iTunes Store[edit] Main article: iTunes StoreIntroduced on April 28, 2003, The iTunes Music Store allows users to buy and download songs, with 200,000 tracks ailable at launch. In its first week, customers bought more than one million songs.[40] Music purchased was protected by FairPlay, an encryption layer referred to as digital rights management (DRM).[41] The use of DRM, which limited devices capable of playing purchased files,[42] sparked efforts to remove the protection mechanism.[43] Eventually, after an open letter to the music industry by CEO Steve Jobs in February 2007,[44] Apple introduced a selection of DRM-free music in the iTunes Store in April 2007,[45] followed by its entire music catalog without DRM in January 2009.[46]
iTunes in the Cloud and iTunes Match[edit]In June 2011, Apple announced "iTunes in the Cloud", in which music purchases were stored on Apple's servers and made ailable for automatic downloading on new devices. For music the user owns, such as content ripped from CDs, the company introduced "iTunes Match", a feature that can upload content to Apple's servers, match it to its catalog, change the quality to 256 kbit/s AAC format, and make it ailable to other devices.[47][48]
Internet radio, iTunes Radio and Apple Music[edit] Main articles: iTunes Radio and Apple MusicWhen iTunes was first released, it came with support for the Kerbango Internet radio tuner service.[49] In June 2013, the company announced iTunes Radio, a free music streaming service.[50] In June 2015, Apple announced Apple Music, a subscription-based music streaming service, and subsequently integrated iTunes Radio functionality. Music tracks provided by Apple Music via iTunes are ailable at up to 256 kbit/s AAC fidelity. The Apple Music app also integrates Apple Music 1, a live music radio station.[51]
Phasing out[edit]As of 2024, Apple is phasing out iTunes in four of three dedicated apps, Music, Podcasts, and TV, but the iTunes Store will still remain.[52]
Other features[edit] Video[edit]In May 2005, video support was introduced to iTunes with the release of iTunes 4.8,[53][54] though it was limited to bonus features part of album purchases.[55] The following October, Apple introduced iTunes 6, enabling support for purchasing and viewing video content purchased from the iTunes Store.[56] At launch, the store offered popular shows from the ABC network, including Desperate Housewives and Lost, along with Disney Channel series That's So Ren and The Suite Life of Zack & Cody. CEO Steve Jobs told the press that "We're doing for video what we've done for music — we're making it easy and affordable to purchase and download, play on your computer, and take with you on your iPod."[56]
In 2008, Apple and select film studios introduced "iTunes Digital Copy", a feature on select DVDs and Blu-ray discs allowing a digital copy in iTunes and associated media players.[57][58][59]
Podcasts[edit] Main article: Apple Podcasts The icon used by Apple to represent a podcastIn June 2005, Apple updated iTunes with support for podcasts.[60][61] Users can subscribe to podcasts, change update frequency, define how many episodes to download and how many to delete.[61]
Similar to songs, "Smart playlists" can be used to control podcasts in a playlist, setting criteria such as date and number of times listened to.[62]
Apple is credited for being the major catalyst behind the early growth of podcasting.[63]
Apps[edit] Main article: App Store (iOS/iPadOS)On July 10, 2008, Apple introduced native mobile apps for its iOS operating system. On iOS, a dedicated App Store application served as the storefront for browsing, downloading, updating, and otherwise managing applications, whereas iTunes on computers had a dedicated section for apps rather than a separate app.[64] In September 2017, Apple updated iTunes to version 12.7, removing the App Store section in the process.[65][66] iTunes 12.6.3 was released the following month, retaining App Store functionality, with 9to5Mac noting that the secondary release was positioned by Apple as "necessary for some businesses performing internal app deployments".[67][68]
iTunes U[edit]In May 2007, Apple announced the launch of "iTunes U" via the iTunes Store, which delivers university lectures from top U.S. colleges.[69][70] With iTunes version 12.7 in August 2017, iTunes U collections became a part of the Podcasts app.[71] On June 10, 2020, Apple formally announced that iTunes U would be discontinued at the end of 2021.[72]
Apple mobile device connectivity[edit]iTunes was required to activate early iPhone and iPad devices. Beginning with the iPhone 3G in June 2008, activation did not require iTunes, making use of activation at point of sale.[73] Later iPhone models are able to be activated and set-up on their own, without requiring the use of iTunes.
iTunes also allows users to backup and restore the content of their Apple mobile devices, such as music, photos, videos, ringtones and device settings,[74] and restore the firmware of their devices. However, as of iTunes 12.7, apps can no longer be purchased and installed using iTunes.[66]
Ping[edit] Main article: iTunes PingWith the release of iTunes 10 in September 2010, Apple announced iTunes Ping, which CEO Steve Jobs described as "social music discovery". It had features reminiscent of Facebook, including profiles and the ability to follow other users.[75] Ping was discontinued in September 2012.[76]
Criticism[edit] Security[edit]The Telegraph reported in November 2011 that Apple had been aware of a security vulnerability since 2008 that would let unauthorized third parties install "updates" to users' iTunes software. Apple fixed the issue before the Telegraph's report and told the media that "The security and privacy of our users is extremely important", though this was questioned by security researcher Brian Krebs, who told the publication that "A prominent security researcher warned Apple about this dangerous vulnerability in mid-2008, yet the company waited more than 1,200 days to fix the flaw."[77]
Software bloat[edit]iTunes has been repeatedly accused of being bloated as part of Apple's efforts to turn it from a music player to an all-encompassing multimedia platform.[65][78][79][80][81] Former PC World editor Ed Bott accused the company of hypocrisy in its advertising attacks on Windows for similar practices.[82]
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macOS 10.12 Sierra 10.13 High Sierra 10.14 Moje 10.15 Catalina 11 Big Sur 12 Monterey 13 Ventura 14 Sonoma 15 Sequoia 26 Tahoe Predecessors Classic Mac OS NeXTSTEP Rhapsody ApplicationsCoreapplications App Store Automator Calculator Calendar Chess Contacts Control Center Dictionary DVD Player FaceTime Finder Game Center Grapher Home Launchpad Mail Messages News Music Notes Notification Center Podcasts Photo Booth Photos Preview QuickTime Player Reminders Safari version history Shortcuts Siri Stickies TextEdit Time Machine DeveloperToolsXcode Instruments FileMerge Former Interface Builder Dashcode Quartz Composer Former Dashboard Front Row iChat iPhoto iSync iTunes history Sherlock Utilities Activity Monitor AirPort Utility Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange Boot Camp ColorSync Configurator Console Crash Reporter Digital Color Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Script Editor System Settings System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Discontinued Grab Network Utility ODBC Administrator Remote Install Mac OS X Software Update Technologies,user interface AirDrop AppKit Apple File System Apple menu Apple Push Notification service AppleScript Aqua Audio Units Foundation Bonjour Bundle CloudKit Cocoa ColorSync Command key Core Animation Core Audio Core Data Core Foundation Core Image Core OpenGL Core Text Core Video CUPS Cover Flow Darwin Dock FileVault Fonts Foundation Gatekeeper Grand Central Dispatch icns iCloud Kernel panic Keychain launchd Liquid Glass Mach-O Menu extra Metal Mission Control Night Shift OpenCL Option key Preference Pane Property list Quartz Quick Look Rosetta Smart Folders Speakable items Spotlight Stacks System Integrity Protection Uniform Type Identifier Universal binary WebKit XNU XQuartz Deprecated HFS+ Discontinued ATSUI BootX Brushed metal Carbon Classic Environment Inkwell QuickTime Spaces Xgrid Italics denote upcoming products. Category vteContent aggregatorsClient softwareStandalone Akregator BlogBridge Feedreader Flipboard Genieo Google Currents Google News Liferea NetNewsWire Newsbeuter NewsFire QuiteRSS Ren ReadKit RSS Bandit RSS Guard RSSOwl Seesmic Web browsers AOL Explorer Basilisk Camino iCab Chrome (Android) Firefox Flock GNOME Web Internet Explorer K-Meleon Kazehakase Maxthon Microsoft Edge Netscape Browser Netscape Nigator 9 OmniWeb Opera Otter Browser Pale Moon Safari SeaMonkey Shiira Sleipnir Tencent Treler Vivaldi Waterfox Email clients Apple Mail Claws Mail Gnus HCL Domino Microsoft Outlook Mozilla Thunderbird Netscape Messenger 9 Pegasus Mail The Bat! Windows Live Mail Zimbra Plugins Cooliris Sage Web apps ormobile apps Bloglines CommaFeed Daylife Digg Reader Drupal Feedbin Feedly FriendFeed Google News Google Reader iGoogle dotCMS Imooty.eu Inoreader LinkedIn Pulse Magnolia My Yahoo! News360 NewsBlur NewsBreak Newsknowledge Netvibes Pageflakes Planet Rojo.com Prismatic Spokeo The Old Reader Tiny Tiny RSS TweetDeck WebGUI Windows Live Personalized Experience winnowTag Media aggregatorsPodcast client Adobe Media Player Akregator Amarok Flock Apple Podcasts Juice MediaMonkey Miro Rhythmbox Songbird Winamp Zune RSS + BitTorrent BitLord BitTorrent 6 Deluge Miro qBittorrent Tribler μTorrent Vuze Related articles Comparison of feed aggregators History of media aggregation RSS enclosure Italics indicate discontinued software. vteApple Inc. History Outline Timeline of products Environment Marketing Supply chain Trade unions ProductsHardwareMac iMac Pro MacBook Air Pro Mini Studio Pro Mac models grouped by CPU type iPod Classic Mini Nano Shuffle Touch iPhone Hardware History iPhone models iPad Mini Air Pro Accessories iPad models AirPods Pro Max Other Apple SIM AirTag Beats Pill HomePod Mini Silicon TV Vision Pro Watch SoftwareOperatingsystems iOS / iPadOS iOS history iPadOS history Apps macOS History Server Apps tvOS watchOS bridgeOS Darwin Classic Mac OS visionOS CarPlay Classroom HomeKit Core Foundation Developer Tools FileMaker Final Cut Pro X Compressor Motion Logic Pro MainStage iLife GarageBand iMovie iPhoto iTunes iWork Keynote Numbers Pages Mail QuickTime Safari SceneKit Shazam Siri Swift Xcode ServicesFinancial Card Pay Wallet Media Arcade Books Music 1 Beats Music Up Next Festival iTunes Radio App News Newsstand Podcasts TV + originals MLS Season Pass Communication FaceTime Walkie-Talkie iMessage iChat App Invites Game Center Retail anddigital sales App Store macOS iTunes Store Connect Store Fifth Avenue Michigan Avenue Support AppleCare+ AASP Certifications Genius Bar ProCare One to One Other Apple Account (formerly Apple ID) Sign in with Apple One Developer iAd TestFlight WWDC iCloud MobileMe Find My Fitness Photos Maps Detailed City Experience Flyover Look Around CompaniesSubsidiaries Anobit Apple IMC Apple Studios Beats Beddit Braeburn Capital Claris Acquisitions Anobit AuthenTec Beats Beddit BIS Records Cue EditGrid Emagic FingerWorks Intrinsity InVisage Technologies The Keyboard Company Lala Metaio NeXT Nothing Real P.A. Semi Power Computing PrimeSense Shazam Entertainment Limited Siri Texture Topsy Partnerships AIM alliance Kaleida Labs Taligent Akamai Arm DiDi Digital Ocean iFund Imagination Rockstar Consortium Related Advertising "1984" "Think different" "Get a Mac" iPod Product Red Ecosystem Events Criticism Right to repair Tax Headquarters Campus Park University Design IDg Typography Book History Codenames Apple FileWare Community AppleMasters Litigation 2024 U.S. antitrust case App Store antitrust case Non-recruiting agreements Price-fixing ebooks FBI encryption dispute Epic Games iOS app approvals Unions #AppleToo Depictions of Steve Jobs Linux Asahi Linux iPodLinux Car project PeopleExecutivesCurrent Tim Cook (CEO) Sabih Khan (COO) Kevan Parekh (CFO) Eddy Cue Craig Federighi Isabel Ge Mahe John Giannandrea Lisa Jackson Greg Joswiak Luca Maestri Deirdre O'Brien Dan Riccio Phil Schiller Johny Srouji John Ternus Former Michael Scott (CEO) Mike Markkula (CEO) John Sculley (CEO) Michael Spindler (CEO) Gil Amelio (CEO) Steve Jobs (CEO) Jony Ive (CDO) Angela Ahrendts Fred D. Anderson John Browett Guerrino De Luca Paul Deneve Al Eisenstat Tony Fadell Scott Forstall Ellen Hancock Nancy R. Heinen Ron Johnson Did Nagel Peter Oppenheimer Mark Papermaster Jon Rubinstein Bertrand Serlet Bruce Sewell Sina Tamaddon Avie Tevanian Steve Wozniak Board ofdirectorsCurrent Arthur D. Levinson (Chairman) Tim Cook (CEO) Wanda Austin Alex Gorsky Andrea Jung Monica C. Lozano Ronald D. Sugar Susan L. Wagner Former Mike Markkula (Chairman) John Sculley (Chairman) Steve Jobs (Chairman) Gil Amelio Fred D. Anderson James A. Bell Bill Campbell Mickey Drexler Al Eisenstat Larry Ellison Al Gore Robert A. Iger Delano Lewis Arthur Rock Eric Schmidt Michael Scott Michael Spindler Edgar S. Woolard Jr. Jerry York Founders Steve Jobs Steve Wozniak Ronald Wayne Italics indicate discontinued products, services, or defunct companies. Category