The Brodmann areas of a human brain Neuropsychology Topics Brain regions Clinical neuropsychology Cognitive neuropsychology Cognitive neuroscience Dementia Human brain Neuroanatomy Neurophysiology Neuropsychological assessment Neuropsychological rehabilitation Traumatic brain injury Brain functions Arousal Attention Consciousness Decision making Executive functions Natural language Learning Memory Motor coordination Perception Planning Problem solving Thought People Alan Baddeley Arthur L. Benton Did Bohm Antonio Damasio Phineas Gage Norman Geschwind Elkhonon Goldberg Patricia Goldman-Rakic Donald O. Hebb Kenneth Heilman Eric Kandel Edith Kaplan Muriel Lezak Benjamin Libet Rodolfo Llinás Alexander Luria Brenda Milner Karl H. Pribram Pasko Rakic Oliver Sacks Mark Rosenzweig Roger W. Sperry Hans-Lukas Teuber Henry Molaison ("H.M.", patient) K.C. (patient) Tests Benton Visual Retention Test Continuous Performance Task Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Battery Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical Decision Task Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Mini–mental state examination Rey–Osterrieth complex figure Stroop Test Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Memory Scale Wisconsin Card Sorting Task Psychology portal Philosophy portal Medicine portalvte Most famous parts of the brain highlighted in different colours
The human brain anatomical regions are ordered following standard neuroanatomy hierarchies. Functional, connective, and developmental regions are listed in parentheses where appropriate.
Hindbrain (rhombencephalon)[edit] Main article: Hindbrain Embryonic vertebrate subdivisions of the developing human brain hindbrain or rhombencephalon is a developmental categorization of portions of the central nervous system in vertebrates. It includes the medulla, pons, and cerebellum. Myelencephalon[edit] Medulla oblongata Medullary pyramids Arcuate nucleus Olivary body Inferior olivary nucleus Rostral ventrolateral medulla Caudal ventrolateral medulla Solitary nucleus (Nucleus of the solitary tract) Respiratory center-Respiratory groups Dorsal respiratory group Ventral respiratory group or Apneustic centre Pre-Bötzinger complex Bötzinger complex Retrotrapezoid nucleus Nucleus retrofacialis Nucleus retroambiguus Nucleus para-ambiguus Paramedian reticular nucleus Gigantocellular reticular nucleus Parafacial zone Cuneate nucleus Gracile nucleus Perihypoglossal nuclei Intercalated nucleus Prepositus nucleus Sublingual nucleus Area postrema Medullary cranial nerve nuclei Inferior salivatory nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Hypoglossal nucleus Chemoreceptor trigger zone Metencephalon[edit] Pons[edit] Pontine nuclei Pontine cranial nerve nuclei Chief or pontine nucleus of the trigeminal nerve sensory nucleus (V) Motor nucleus for the trigeminal nerve (V) Abducens nucleus (VI) Facial nerve nucleus (VII) Vestibulocochlear nuclei (vestibular nuclei and cochlear nuclei) (VIII) Superior salivatory nucleus Pontine tegmentum Pontine micturition center (Barrington's nucleus) Locus coeruleus Pedunculopontine nucleus Laterodorsal tegmental nucleus Tegmental pontine reticular nucleus Nucleus incertus Parabrachial area Medial parabrachial nucleus Lateral parabrachial nucleus Subparabrachial nucleus (Kölliker-Fuse nucleus) Pontine respiratory group Superior olivary complex Medial superior olive Lateral superior olive Medial nucleus of the trapezoid body Paramedian pontine reticular formation Parvocellular reticular nucleus Caudal pontine reticular nucleus Cerebellar peduncles Superior cerebellar peduncle Middle cerebellar peduncle Inferior cerebellar peduncle Fourth ventricle[edit] Cerebellum[edit] Cerebellar vermis Cerebellar hemispheres Anterior lobe Posterior lobe Flocculonodular lobe Cerebellar nuclei Fastigial nucleus Interposed nucleus Globose nucleus Emboliform nucleus Dentate nucleus Midbrain (mesencephalon)[edit] Cross-section of the midbrain Tectum Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculi Superior colliculi Pretectum Tegmentum Periaqueductal gray Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus Midbrain reticular formation Dorsal raphe nucleus Red nucleus Ventral tegmental area Parabrachial pigmented nucleus Paranigral nucleus Rostromedial tegmental nucleus Caudal linear nucleus Rostral linear nucleus of the raphe Interfascicular nucleus Substantia nigra Pars compacta Pars reticulata Interpeduncular nucleus Cerebral peduncle Crus cerebri Mesencephalic cranial nerve nuclei Oculomotor nucleus (III) Edinger-Westphal nucleus Trochlear nucleus (IV) Mesencephalic duct (cerebral aqueduct, aqueduct of Sylvius) Forebrain (prosencephalon)[edit] Diencephalon[edit] Diencephalon Epithalamus[edit] Pineal body (pineal gland) Habenular nuclei Stria medullaris Taenia thalami Third ventricle[edit] Subcommissural organ Circumventricular organs (also Fourth ventricle) Thalamus[edit] See also: List of thalamic nuclei Anterior nuclear group Anteroventral nucleus (a.k.a. ventral anterior nucleus) Anterodorsal nucleus Anteromedial nucleus Medial nuclear group Medial dorsal nucleus Midline nuclear group Paratenial nucleus Reuniens nucleus (a.k.a. medioventral nucleus) Rhomboidal nucleus Intralaminar nuclear group Centromedian nucleus Parafascicular nucleus Paracentral nucleus Central lateral nucleus Lateral nuclear group Lateral dorsal nucleus Lateral posterior nucleus Pulvinar Ventral nuclear group Ventral anterior nucleus Ventral lateral nucleus Ventral posterior nucleus Ventral posterior lateral nucleus Ventral posterior medial nucleus Metathalamus Medial geniculate body Lateral geniculate body Thalamic reticular nucleus Hypothalamus (limbic system) (HPA axis)[edit] Anterior Medial area Parts of preoptic area Medial preoptic nucleus INAH 1 INAH 2 INAH 3 INAH 4 Median preoptic nucleus Suprachiasmatic nucleus Parentricular nucleus Supraoptic nucleus (mainly) Anterior hypothalamic nucleus Lateral area Parts of preoptic area Lateral preoptic nucleus Anterior part of Lateral nucleus Part of supraoptic nucleus Other nuclei of preoptic area Median preoptic nucleus Periventricular preoptic nucleus Tuberal Medial area Dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus Ventromedial nucleus Arcuate nucleus Lateral area Tuberal part of Lateral nucleus Lateral tuberal nuclei Posterior Medial area Mammillary nuclei (part of mammillary bodies) Posterior nucleus Lateral area Posterior part of Lateral nucleus Surface Median eminence Mammillary bodies Pituitary stalk (infundibulum) Optic chiasm Subfornical organ Periventricular nucleus Tuber cinereum Tuberal nucleus Tuberomammillary nucleus Tuberal region Mammillary nucleus Subthalamus (HPA axis)[edit] Subthalamic nucleus Zona incerta Pituitary gland (HPA axis)[edit] Neurohypophysis Pars intermedia (Intermediate Lobe) Adenohypophysis Telencephalon (cerebrum) Cerebral hemispheres[edit] White matter[edit] Centrum semiovale Corona radiata Internal capsule External capsule Extreme capsule Subcortical[edit] Hippocampus (Medial Temporal Lobe) Dentate gyrus Cornu ammonis (CA fields) Cornu ammonis area 1 (CA1) Cornu ammonis area 2 (CA2) Cornu ammonis area 3 (CA3) Cornu ammonis area 4 (CA4) Amygdala (limbic system) (limbic lobe) Central nucleus (autonomic nervous system) Medial nucleus (accessory olfactory system) Cortical and basomedial nuclei (main olfactory system) Lateral and basolateral nuclei (frontotemporal cortical system) Extended amygdala Stria terminalis Bed nucleus of the stria terminalis Claustrum Basal ganglia Striatum Dorsal striatum (a.k.a. neostriatum) Putamen Caudate nucleus Ventral striatum Nucleus accumbens Olfactory tubercle Globus pallidus (forms nucleus lentiformis with putamen) Ventral pallidum Subthalamic nucleus Basal forebrain Anterior perforated substance Substantia innominata Nucleus basalis Diagonal band of Broca Septal nuclei Medial septal nuclei Lamina terminalis Vascular organ of lamina terminalis Rhinencephalon (paleocortex)[edit] Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract Anterior olfactory nucleus Piriform cortex Anterior commissure Uncus Periamygdaloid cortex Cerebral cortex (neocortex)[edit] Frontal lobe Cortex Primary motor cortex (Precentral gyrus, M1) Premotor cortex Supplementary motor cortex Prefrontal cortex Orbitofrontal cortex Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex Dorsomedial prefrontal cortex Ventromedial prefrontal cortex Gyri Superior frontal gyrus Middle frontal gyrus Inferior frontal gyrus Brodmann areas: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 24, 25, 32, 33, 44, 45, 46, 47 Parietal lobe Cortex Primary somatosensory cortex (S1) Secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) Posterior parietal cortex Gyri Postcentral gyrus (Primary somesthetic area) Other Precuneus Brodmann areas 1, 2, 3 (Primary somesthetic area); 5, 7, 23, 26, 29, 31, 39, 40 Occipital lobe Cortex Primary visual cortex (V1) V2 V3 V4 Gyri Lateral occipital gyrus Other Cuneus Brodmann areas 17 (V1, primary visual cortex); 18, 19 Temporal lobe Cortex Primary auditory cortex (A1) Secondary auditory cortex (A2) Inferior temporal cortex V5/MT Posterior inferior temporal cortex Gyri Superior temporal gyrus Middle temporal gyrus Inferior temporal gyrus Entorhinal cortex Perirhinal cortex Parahippocampal gyrus Fusiform gyrus Brodmann areas: 20, 21, 22, 27, 34, 35, 36, 37, 38, 41, 42 Other Medial superior temporal area (MST) Insular cortex Cingulate cortex Anterior cingulate Posterior cingulate Retrosplenial cortex Indusium griseum Subgenual area 25 Brodmann areas 23, 24; 26, 29, 30 (retrosplenial areas); 31, 32 Neural pathways[edit] Superior longitudinal fasciculus Arcuate fasciculus Uncinate fasciculus Perforant pathway Thalamocortical radiations Corpus callosum Anterior commissure Amygdalofugal pathway Interthalamic adhesion Posterior commissure Habenular commissure Fornix Mammillotegmental fasciculus Incertohypothalamic pathway Cerebral peduncle Medial forebrain bundle Medial longitudinal fasciculus Myoclonic triangle Solitary tract Major dopaminergic pathways from dopaminergic cell groups Mesocortical pathway Mesolimbic pathway Nigrostriatal pathway Tuberoinfundibular pathway Serotonergic pathways Raphe Nuclei Norepinephrine Pathways Locus coeruleus and other noradrenergic cell groups Epinephrine pathways from adrenergic cell groups Glutamate and acetylcholine pathways from mesopontine nuclei Motor systems / Descending fibers[edit] Extrapyramidal system Pyramidal tract Corticospinal tract or Cerebrospinal fibers Lateral corticospinal tract Anterior corticospinal tract Corticopontine fibers Frontopontine fibers Temporopontine fibers Corticobulbar tract Corticomesencephalic tract Tectospinal tract Interstitiospinal tract Rubrospinal tract Rubro-olivary tract Olivocerebellar tract Olivospinal tract Vestibulospinal tract Lateral vestibulospinal tract Medial vestibulospinal tract Reticulospinal tract Lateral raphespinal tract Alpha system Gamma system Somatosensory system[edit] Dorsal column–medial lemniscus pathway Gracile fasciculus Cuneate fasciculus Medial lemniscus Spinothalamic tract Lateral spinothalamic tract Anterior spinothalamic tract Spinomesencephalic tract Spinocerebellar tract Spino-olivary tract Spinoreticular tract Visual system[edit] Optic tract Optic radiation Retinohypothalamic tract Auditory system[edit] Medullary striae of fourth ventricle Trapezoid body Lateral lemniscus Nerves[edit] Brain stem Cranial nerves Terminal (0) Olfactory (I) Optic (II) Oculomotor (III) Trochlear (IV) Trigeminal (V) Abducens (VI) Facial (VII) Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Glossopharyngeal (IX) Vagus (X) Accessory (XI) Hypoglossal (XII) Neuroendocrine systems[edit] Hypothalamic-pituitary hormones HPA axis HPG axis HPT axis GHRH - GH Hypothalamic–neurohypophyseal system Neuro vascular systems[edit] Middle cerebral artery Posterior cerebral artery Anterior cerebral artery Vertebral artery Basilar artery Circle of Willis (arterial system) Blood–brain barrier Glymphatic system Venous systems Circumventricular organs Neurotransmitter pathways[edit] See also: Neuromodulation Noradrenaline system Dopamine system Serotonin system Cholinergic system GABA Neuropeptides Opioid peptides Endorphins Enkephalins Dynorphins Oxytocin Substance P Dural meningeal system[edit] Cerebrospinal Fluid Brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier Meningeal coverings Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Epidural space Subdural space Subarachnoid space Arachnoid septum Superior cistern Cistern of lamina terminalis Chiasmatic cistern Interpeduncular cistern Pontine cistern Cisterna magna Spinal subarachnoid space Ventricular system Lateral ventricles Angular bundle Anterior horn Body of lateral ventricle Inferior horn Posterior horn Calcar is Subventricular zone Third ventricle Fourth ventricle Foramina Interventricular Foramina Cerebral Aqueduct Foramina of Luschka Foramen of Magendie Limbic system[edit] Cortical areas: Limbic lobe Orbitofrontal cortex Piriform cortex part of the olfactory system Entorhinal cortex Hippocampus and associated structures Fornix and septal nuclei Subcortical areas: Septal nuclei Amygdala Nucleus accumbens Diencephalic structures: Hypothalamus Mammillary bodies Anterior nuclei of thalamusOther areas that he been included in the limbic system include the:
Stria medullaris Central gray and dorsal and ventral nuclei of Gudden Related topics[edit] Human brain Spinal cord Outline of the human nervous system List of nerves of the human body References[edit] External links[edit] Brain at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) (view tree for regions of the brain) BrainMaps.org BrainInfo (University of Washington) "Brain Anatomy and How the Brain Works". Johns Hopkins Medicine. 14 July 2021. "Brain Map". Queensland Health. 12 July 2022. vteSpinal cordGeneral features Cervical enlargement Lumbar enlargement Conus medullaris Filum terminale Cauda equina Meninges Central canal Terminal ventricle Grey columnsPosterior grey column Marginal nucleus Substantia gelatinosa of Rolando Nucleus proprius Rexed lamina V Rexed lamina VI Lateral grey column Intermediolateral nucleus Posterior thoracic nucleus Anterior grey column Interneuron Alpha motor neuron Onuf's nucleus Gamma motor neuron Other Rexed laminae Central gelatinous substance Gray commissure White matterSensoryPosterior Posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway Gracile Cuneate Lateral Spinocerebellar dorsal ventral Spinothalamic lateral anterior Posterolateral Spinotectal Anterior Spinoreticular tract Spino-olivary tract MotorLateral Corticospinal Lateral Extrapyramidal Rubrospinal Raphespinal Reticulospinal Hypothalamospinal Anterior Corticospinal Anterior Extrapyramidal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal Tectospinal Raphespinal Olivospinal Both Anterior white commissure External features Ventral Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Dorsal Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus vteAnatomy of the medullaGrey matterCranial nucleiafferent: Solitary nucleus tract Dorsal respiratory group Gustatory nucleus Vestibular nuclei Lateral Medial Inferior efferent: Hypoglossal nucleus Nucleus ambiguus Dorsal nucleus of vagus nerve Inferior salivatory nucleus Dorsal Gracile nucleus Cuneate nucleus Accessory cuneate nucleus Ventral Ventral respiratory group Arcuate nucleus of medulla Rostral ventromedial medulla Botzinger complex Pre-Bötzinger complex White matterDorsal Sensory Sensory decussation Medial lemniscus Juxtarestiform body Ascending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Motor Descending dorsal longitudinal fasciculus Medial longitudinal fasciculus Ventral Descending tracts Olivocerebellar tract Rubro-olivary tract SurfaceFront Pyramid Anterior median fissure Anterolateral sulcus Olive Inferior olivary nucleus Back Posterior median sulcus Posterolateral sulcus Area postrema Vagal trigone Hypoglossal trigone Medial eminence Inferior cerebellar peduncle Grey Reticular formation Gigantocellular Parvocellular Ventral Lateral Paramedian Raphe nuclei Obscurus Magnus Pallidus Perihypoglossal nuclei vteAnatomy of the ponsDorsal/(tegmentum)Surface Cerebellopontine angle Superior medullary velum Sulcus limitans Medial eminence Facial colliculus White: Sensory Trapezoid body Trigeminal lemniscus Dorsal trigeminal tract Ventral trigeminal tract Medial lemniscus Lateral lemniscus Central tegmental tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers White: Motor Inferior cerebellar peduncle Vestibulocerebellar tract Medial longitudinal fasciculus Vestibulospinal tract Medial vestibulospinal tract Lateral vestibulospinal tract Grey: Cranial nucleiafferent: GSA Trigeminal Principal Spinal Cochlear nucleus Dorsal Anterior Vestibular nuclei Superior efferent: SVE: Trigeminal motor nucleus Facial motor nucleus GSE: Abducens nucleus GVE: Superior salivary nucleus Inferior salivary nucleus Grey: Other nuclei Pedunculopontine nucleus Apneustic center Pneumotaxic center Parabrachial nuclei Subparabrachial nucleus Medial parabrachial nucleus Lateral parabrachial nucleus Superior olivary nucleus Locus coeruleus Ventral/(base)Grey Pontine nuclei White: Motor/descending Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine fibers MCP Pontocerebellar fibers Surface Basilar sulcus Other grey: Raphe/reticular Reticular formation Caudal Oral Tegmental Paramedian Raphe nuclei Median vteAnatomy of the midbrainTectum(Dorsal)Corpora quadrigemina Inferior colliculus Inferior brachium Superior colliculus Superior brachium Grey matter Pretectal area White matterSensory / ascending Spinotectal tract Central tegmental tract Motor / descending Tectospinal tract CSF Cerebral aqueduct Peduncle(Ventral)TegmentumWhite matterSensory / ascending Lemnisci Medial Lateral Ascending MLF Vestibulo-oculomotor fibers Spinothalamic tract Ventral trigeminal tract Dentatothalamic tract Motor / descending Rubrospinal tract Rubro-olivary tract Descending MLF Grey mattercranial nuclei GSA Mesencephalic GSE Oculomotor nucleus Trochlear nucleus GVE Edinger–Westphal nucleus Ventral tegmental area Rostromedial tegmental nucleus Periaqueductal gray Red nucleus Rostral interstitial nucleus of medial longitudinal fasciculus Parabrachial area Interpeduncular nucleus Midbrain reticular formation Dorsal tegmental nucleus Raphe nuclei dorsal Reticulotegmental nucleus BaseWhite / Cerebral crus Pyramidal tracts Corticospinal tract Corticobulbar tract Corticopontine tract Frontopontine fibers Temporopontine fibers Grey / Substantia nigra Pars compacta Pars reticulata Surface Superior cerebellar peduncle Decussation Interpeduncular fossa vteBrain and spinal cord: neural tracts and fasciculiSensoryDCML1°: Pacinian corpuscle/Meissner's corpuscle → Posterior column (Gracile fasciculus/Cuneate fasciculus) → Gracile nucleus/Cuneate nucleus 2°: → sensory decussation/arcuate fibers (Posterior external arcuate fibers, Internal arcuate fibers) → Medial lemniscus/Trigeminal lemniscus → Thalamus (VPL, VPM) 3°: → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Postcentral gyrus Anterolateral/painFast/lateral 1° (Free nerve ending → A delta fiber) → 2° (Anterior white commissure → Lateral and Anterior Spinothalamic tract → Spinal lemniscus → VPL of Thalamus) → 3° (Postcentral gyrus) → 4° (Posterior parietal cortex)2° (Spinomesencephalic tract → Superior colliculus of Midbrain tectum)
Slow/medial 1° (Group C nerve fiber → Spinoreticular tract → Reticular formation) → 2° (MD of Thalamus) → 3° (Cingulate cortex) MotorPyramidal flexion: Primary motor cortex → Posterior limb of internal capsule → Decussation of pyramids → Corticospinal tract (Lateral, Anterior) → Neuromuscular junction Extrapyramidalflexion: Primary motor cortex → Genu of internal capsule → Corticobulbar tract → Facial motor nucleus → Facial muscles flexion: Red nucleus → Rubrospinal tract extension: Vestibulocerebellum → Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulospinal tract extension: Vestibulocerebellum → Reticular formation → Reticulospinal tract Midbrain tectum → Tectospinal tract → muscles of neck Basal gangliadirect:1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPi) → 3° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 4° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 5° (Motor cortex)indirect:1° (Motor cortex → Striatum) → 2° (GPe) → 3° (Subthalamic fasciculus → Subthalamic nucleus) → 4° (Subthalamic fasciculus → GPi) → 5° (Lenticular fasciculus/Ansa lenticularis → Thalamic fasciculus → VL of Thalamus) → 6° (Thalamocortical radiations → Supplementary motor area) → 7° (Motor cortex)nigrostriatal pathway: Pars compacta → Striatum CerebellarAfferent Vestibular nuclei → Vestibulocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum → Granule cell Pontine nuclei → Pontocerebellar fibers → MCP → Deep cerebellar nuclei → Granule cell Inferior olivary nucleus → Olivocerebellar tract → ICP → Hemisphere → Purkinje cell → Deep cerebellar nuclei Efferent Dentate nucleus in Lateral hemisphere/pontocerebellum → SCP → Dentatothalamic tract → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex Interposed nucleus in Intermediate hemisphere/spinocerebellum → SCP → Reticular formation, or → Cerebellothalamic tract → Red nucleus → Thalamus (VL) → Motor cortex Fastigial nucleus in Flocculonodular lobe/vestibulocerebellum → Vestibulocerebellar tract → Vestibular nuclei Bidirectional:SpinocerebellarUnconscious proprioception lower limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Posterior thoracic nucleus → Dorsal/posterior spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellar vermis) upper limb → 1° (muscle spindles → DRG) → 2° (Accessory cuneate nucleus → Cuneocerebellar tract → ICP → Anterior lobe of cerebellum) Reflex arc lower limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Ventral/anterior spinocerebellar tract→ SCP → Cerebellar vermis) upper limb → 1° (Golgi tendon organ) → 2° (Rostral spinocerebellar tract → ICP → Cerebellum) vteSensory receptorsTouch Mechanoreceptor Vibration Lamellar corpuscle Light touch Tactile corpuscle Pressure Merkel nerve ending Stretch Bulbous corpuscle Pain Free nerve ending Nociceptors Temperature Thermoreceptors Proprioception Golgi organ Muscle spindle Intrafusal muscle fiber Nuclear chain fiber Nuclear bag fiber Other Hair cells Baroreceptor