SOURCES:
National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases: “What Is an Inguinal Hernia?”
National Library of Medicine.
Better Health Channel of Australia’s Victoria State Government: “Hernias.”
Mayo Clinic: “Sing Lives With Gus: Incarcerated Hernia,” “Inguinal Hernia,” “Umbilical Hernia,” “Hernia Truss: Can It Help an Inguinal Hernia?”
Johns Hopkins: “Comprehensive Hernia Center,” “Conditions We Treat: Hiatal Hernia,” “Umbilical Hernia,” “Incisional Hernia,” “Could I he a hernia?”
National Health Service (U.K.): “Umbilical Hernia Repair,” “Hernia,” “Femoral Hernia Repair,” “Inguinal Hernia Repair,” “Hiatus Hernia.”
Cleveland Clinic: “Hernia,” “Hiatal Hernia,” “Do You Need Hernia Surgery?” “Hernia Surgery,” “Perineal Hernia.”
KidsHealth: “Hernias.”
The British Hernia Center: “Hernia Overview.”
Medscape: “Hernia Reduction.”
Mount Sinai Beth Israel, Hernia Center: “Hernia Types.”
Dartmouth Hitchcock, Hernia Surgery Center: “Types of Hernias.”
Royal United Hospital Bath: “Spigelian Hernia Repair.”
Radiopaedia.org: “Indirect inguinal hernia,” “Direct inguinal hernia.”
National Center for Biotechnology Information: “Incisional Hernia.”
Sudan Medical Monitor: “Incisional hernia: Risk factors, incidence, pathogenesis, prevention and complications.”
American Academy of Family Physicians: “Hernia.”
American Academy of Pediatrics: “Inguinal Hernia in Infants & Children.”
Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia: “Recognizing and Caring for Hernias.”
Robert Fitzgibbons Jr., MD, chair, Department of Surgery, Creighton University.
American College of Surgeons: “Groin Hernia Repair.”
Harvard Health Publications: “Hernia Repair.”
Cochrane Library: “Laparoscopic Techniques Versus Open Techniques for Repair of a Hernia in the Groin.”
Ulster Medical Society: “Chronic Pain After Inguinal Hernia Repair.”
Healthdirect Australia: “Epigastric Hernia Repair (Adult).”
Hernia: “Pathogenesis of the Epigastric Hernia.”
Medicare.gov: “Procedure Price Lookup.”
StatPearls: “Congenital Diaphragmatic Hernia,” “Spigelian Hernia.”